For hepatic homotransplantation, two general types of operative procedures are available. One, which would be applicable for the treatment of malignant disease of the liver, consists of removal of the recipient's own organ and replacement with a hepatic homograft. The other variety of operation, which was first described in principle by Welch and Goodrich and their associates (Fig. 1A), is designed for the treatment of patients with hepatic failure due to benign disease, such as cirrhosis, and does not involve recipient hepatectomy.

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. www.econstor.eu It has been long recognized that cash plays a critical role in fueling street crime due to its liquidity and transactional anonymity. In poor neighborhoods where street offenses are concentrated, a significant source of circulating cash stems from public assistance or welfare payments. In the 1990s, the Federal government mandated individual states to convert the delivery of their welfare program benefits from paper checks to an Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) system, whereby recipients received and expended their funds through debit cards. In this paper, we investigate whether the reduction in the circulation of cash on the streets associated with EBT implementation had an effect on crime. To address this question, we exploit the variation in the timing of the EBT implementation across Missouri counties. Our results indicate that the EBT program had a negative and significant effect on the overall crime rate as well as burglary, assault, and larceny. According to our point estimates, the overall crime rate decreased by 9.8 percent in response to the EBT program. We also find a negative effect on arrests, especially those associated with non-drug offenses. Interestingly, the significant drop in crime in the United States over several decades has coincided with a period of steady decline in the proportion of financial transactions involving cash. In that sense, our findings serve as a fresh contribution to the important debate surrounding the factors underpinning the great American crime decline. Terms of use: Documents in D I S C U S S I O N P A P E R S E R I E S JEL Classification:H53, I38, J22, K42

Criminologists have a long history of interviewing those engaged in illegal behaviors to gain insights into the nature of crime and criminality (Bennett, 1981). Ethnographic interviews give offenders the opportunity to explain their offenses and lifestyles from their own perspectives. This glimpse into offenders' worlds facilitates theoretical explanations of criminal behavior and provides valuable data to policymakers. Indeed, few would argue against the idea that posing open-ended questions to offenders is important for a full understanding of crime and criminality.

Until the present time, whole-organ hepatic homotransplantation has been a disappointing procedure, both in experimental animals and in man. The operation itself carries a high immediate risk, especially in the dog, which is peculiarly subject to an anoxic hepatic injury termed "outflow block." In reported canine experiments, the majority of animals have failed to recover from the acute effects of operation. Because of the fact that it has not been possible to obtain a consistently satisfactory preparation, evaluations of the efficacy of immunosuppressive regimens for the prevention of rejection have never been published.In the following remarks, attention will be directed to the influence of therapy with azathioprine, or azathioprine plus prednisone, upon the rejection process in dogs and in five patients receiving hepatic homografts after removal of their own livers. Since efforts to obtain long-term survival were eventually futile in both groups, an analysis of the reasons for failure will be attempted. Finally, alternative solutions will be presented which are designed to avoid the many pitfalls that have thus far precluded success. Orthotopic Homotransplantation in Dogs Using Living DonorsTwenty-five dogs had replacements of their own livers with hepatic homografts obtained from living canine donors, employing a previously described technique. 1 The donor organs were removed from healthy animals, which had been cooled to 30-32° C. At the moment the hepatic arterial circulation was interrupted, perfusion of the liver was begun with chilled lactated Ringer's solution (10-15° C.) through the portal vein. The inferior vena caval and portal systems of the recipient dog, which must be temporarily occluded during insertion of the liver, were joined with a temporary portacaval anastomosis and then decompressed with a single external by-pass (FIGURE 1) from the inferior to the superior vena caval systems. 1 The upper vena caval, lower vena caval, hepatic arterial, and portal venous anastomoses were done in that order, and the temporary portacaval anastomosis subsequently taken down so that the vascular supply to the homograft was essentially normal. 1 Internal biliary drainage was provided with a loop cholecystenterostomy. Two to 10 mg./kg. per day of azathioprine were given postoperatively to all animals (FIGURES 2 and 3), supplemented in a few cases with 20 to 100 mg. per day of subcutaneous prednisolone or prednisone (FIGURE 3).Eleven of the 25 animals lived for less than three days after operation (TABLE 1). Ten of the early deaths were due to hemorrhage, either into the peritoneal cavity or the * Aided by Grants A-6283, A-6344, HE07735, AM 07772, AI 04152, and OG 27 from the U. S. Public Health Service. † Markle Scholar. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptAnn N Y Acad Sci. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 August 11. gastrointestinal tract, and in all of these cases there was some evidence of hepatic outflow block. With this syndrome, the liver becomes swollen and congested, and frequently hemorr...