The outlook for children with VGM is significantly better since the advent of endovascular treatment. Decisions about the appropriateness and timing of treatment should be taken by an experienced multidisciplinary team.

MR is a valuable non-invasive imaging modality for detection of both vascular and non-vascular causes of paediatric IPH. The high rate of the latter in childhood makes incorporation of MR into paediatric IPH imaging protocols especially important. Clinical guidelines regarding the optimum sequence of investigations in non-traumatic IPH would be helpful to standardize practice and enable critical appraisal.

CA has a continuing role in the evaluation of cerebrovascular pathologies in children. Neurological complications are rare and local complications are not uncommon (around 5%), but are not usually serious.