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Congenital thyroid anomalies are rare. Developmental anomalies may be in the form of unilateral or bilateral hypoplasia or agenesis of one or both lobes of thyroid with or without isthmic agenesis. Most of the times when they are detected incidentally already have associated thyroid diseases. We report a 36- year-old female presented with right thyroid hemiagenesis and isthmic agenesis associated with thyroiditis in left lobe of thyroid.Jour of Diab and Endo Assoc of Nepal 2018; 2 (1): 44-46

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a multisystem disease. It has multiple complications like retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, diabetes ketoacidosis, and stroke. Diabetes retinopathy (DR) is one of the blinding complications of diabetes. This study was done to find out the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among diabetic patients attending in the outpatient department (OPD) of internal medicine, Gandaki Medical College and Teaching Hospital (GMCTHRC), Pokhara, Nepal. Materials and Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study was performed among the 200 diabetes mellitus patients attending in the medicine OPD from 15th December 2017 to 15thDecember 2018. They were referred to eye OPD of GMC. The detailed eye examination including fundus evaluation under mydriasis was done to all the patients. The diagnosis of DR was graded using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study classification (ETDRS). Patients having hypertension and other retinal diseases were excluded from the study. Data analysis was done using statistical package for social sciences (SPPS) version 11.20. Results: The mean age of the patients was 63.02 ±11.8 years. In our study 60.5% of the patients were male and 39.5% were female. Diabetes retinopathy was seen in 29.5% patients, of which non proliferative diabetes retinopathy (NPDR) was present in 19.5%, proliferative diabetes retinopathy (PDR) in 9.5% and 0.5% had diabetes maculopathy. Conclusion: The prevalence of DR is quite significant in the people with diabetes. Early diagnosis and management of retinopathy will help to avoid blindness due to the diabetic retinopathy.

Background: Thyroid problems are rapidly increasing in the world. Thyroid ultrasonography may be a very simple tool to assess and screen thyroid problems. This retrospective study to assess the prevalence of thyroid disorders from neck ultrasonography in relation to age, gender and disease type was performed in Diabetes Thyroid and Endocrinology Care Center, Pokhara Nepal. Methods: Five hundred computer saved datas from the Radiology Department of Diabetes Thyroid & Endocrinology Care Center from April 2017 to April 2018 were collected. Cases were reviewed for age, gender and disease type and statistical analysis was done using SPSS tool. Results: Out of 500 patients 14% were males, 86% were females; age ranged from three days to 86 years. Hasimoto's thyoiditis was commonest problem and very prevalent in women. Conclusions: Thyroid problems are so common in general population, especially in females. Simple diagnostic tool like neck ultrasonography gives clue to make clinical diagnosis.

Cryptococcosis is one of the common mycological conditions leading to morbidity and mortality in patients with AIDS. We are presenting a case of disseminated cryptococcosis in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), which were both diagnosed postmortem using Minimally Invasive Tissue Sampling Method.