Background The purpose of this survey was to examine the association of general characteristics, oral health knowledge, attitudes, behavior, and dental caries status among adolescents in Jiangxi Province and to provide a basis for future prevention of dental caries among middle school students. Methods A total of 8,160 adolescents aged 12 to 15 years were invited to participate in this survey by a stratified random cluster sampling method from 30 schools in five counties in Jiangxi Province. A self‐administered questionnaire was used to understand their basic characteristics, including oral health behaviors, knowledge, and attitudes. Chi‐square tests were used to compare dental caries status and general characteristics. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to study the effects of oral health knowledge, attitudes, and behavior on dental caries. Results The prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth was 25.8 percent, and the mean DMFT score of 12‐ to 15‐year‐old adolescents was 0.48 ± 1.04. The prevalence in rural areas was higher than that in urban areas (P < 0.001). The prevalence was higher in girls than in boys (P < 0.001). No significant age differences were observed (P > 0.05) in the prevalence of dental caries. The multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the variables associated with dental caries were tooth brushing frequency, use of toothpaste, frequency of sugary milk intake, smoking, and oral health attitudes. Conclusions This study revealed that adolescent oral health behaviors and attitudes were associated with dental caries. It is important to implement targeted oral disease prevention and control measures among adolescents.