Citrus stem rot disease caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griff. & Maubl is a serious disease in citrus orchards in Indonesia. The geographical distribution of these diseases is very broad, almost found in all citrus centers of more than 22 provinces, districts, and cities. Plants of more than 10 years with less intensive maintenance often seriously affected. Alertness and control must be more intensive in productive plants aged more than 5 years old. The disease epidemic problem occurs because of the presence of sensitive citrus varieties, poorly maintained plants, the source of inoculum throughout the year, wide range of host plants, and contamination of agricultural equipment. Sensitive plants in citrus genus including pummelo, orange, tangerine, lime, and lemon. The control strategy is formulated by considering the effectiveness, logical and environmentally friendly to support the development of citrus areas in 24 main citrus centers in Indonesia. Stem rot control strategies include: (1) monitoring of disease incidents in the field, presence of inoculum sources in citrus plants and other hosts, (2) maintaining the cleanliness of the field, sanitation by pruning the branches, (3) optimum maintenance, (4) disinfecting agricultural tools (pruning shears, grafting knives, machetes, saws) with 70% alcohol, (5) Weaning of stems with sulfur lime 2 times a year, (6) Biological control (Trichoderma harzianum, T. asperellum, T. viride, Bacillus subtilis, Gliocladium sp) and or botanical control using cashew nut shell waste (Anacardium occidentale L.), red ginger extract (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum).

Background In Indonesia, the postharvest fruit loss is 25%, so the economic loss from the export of various fruits is estimated at US$ 58,966,861. One of the causes for the loss is postharvest pathogens. Postharvest fruit rot is caused mainly by fungi, some of which produce mycotoxins harmful to human health. Therefore, in meeting the global food safety requirements, Indonesia should develop a biological control strategy for postharvest fruit diseases. This paper is a review based on observations, a literature review of postharvest biological control of citrus and other subtropical fruits, and an overview of strategies and prospects for their application in Indonesia. Main body The pathogens that cause diseases on citrus fruits, apples, grapes, and strawberries in Indonesia produce mycotoxins, namely Fusarium sp., Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., and Alternaria sp. The potential biological agents are from the yeast group, such as the Candida genera, the bacterial group, such as the Bacillus and Pseudomonas genera, and the fungal group, such as the Muscodor and Trichoderma genera. Conclusion Through mutually additive and synergistic multiple reduction methods in cooperation with the vanguards, postharvest disease control emphasizes disease prevention using several methods. Each method reduces the percentage of damage by a certain amount to produce highly effective controls.

<p>Lubang Resapan Biopori (LRB) dan penambahan bahan organik ke dalam LRB dapat memperbaiki sifat fisik, kimia, dan biologi tanah pada jangka panjang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari pengaruh jumlah LRB dan jenis bahan organik pengisi LRB terhadap kapasitas penyimpanan air di daerah perakaran tanaman jeruk keprok dewasa di lahan kering dan pengaruhnya terhadap kualitas buah. Penelitian disusun berdasarkan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan faktor yang diujikan adalah kombinasi jumlah LRB dan bahan pengisi LRB. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan jumlah LRB, baik 4, 5, maupun 6 lubang dan bahan pengisi baik cocopeat maupun zeolit meningkatkan lengas tanah di daerah perakaran tanaman jeruk pada bulan kering. Penambahan cocopeat, zeolit, atau pupuk kandang ke dalam LRB meningkatkan kandungan jus. Perlakuan bahan pengisi serasah pada LRB dan tanpa LRB meningkatkan kandungan padatan terlarut total (PTT), sedangkan penambahan zeolit dan serasah serta perlakuan tanpa LRB meningkatkan kandungan asam tertitrasi total (ATT). Kadar air pada daerah perakaran yang tinggi menyebabkan peningkatan kandungan jus, serta penurunan kandungan PTT dan ATT pada buah jeruk keprok. Pembuatan LRB pada awal musim hujan dapat dilakukan sebagai upaya menabung air hujan sehingga dapat menghindarkan tanaman dari pengaruh negatif defisit air pada musim kering.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong></p><p>Air; Buah jeruk keprok; Kualitas; Lubang resapan biopori; Rizosfer </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Biopore Infiltration Holes (BIH) and addition of organic matters to the BIH can improve the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of BIH and type of BIH filler on water storage capacity in the rhizosphere of mature mandarin plants on dry land and their effect on fruit quality. The study employed a randomized block design with the tested factors of combination of BIH number and BIH filler material. The results showed that either 4, 5 or 6 holes BIH and fillers of both cocopeat and zeolite increased the soil water content in the rhizosphere in the dry months. Adding cocopeat, zeolite, or manure into BIH increased the juice content. Weeds as fillers and treatment without BIH increased the total soluble solids (TSS), while addition of zeolite and weeds and treatment without BIH increased the total acid (TA). High water content in the rhizosphere caused an increase in juice content, but a decrease in TSS and TA. Making BIH at the beginning of rainy season is an effort to save rainwater so that it can prevent plants from the negative influence of water deficit in the dry season.</p>

Appropriate and integrated land management technology in utilizing swamp land with optimal and sustainable productivity is needed because the swamp ecosystem is naturally fragile. The development of intercropping rice and citrus on tidal land needs to be supported by the application of cultivation technology and institutional strengthening of farmers so that the results obtained can be optimum and sustainable. Common problems that arise in the use of tidal land for agriculture include a variety of overflow and inundation conditions, very diverse types of soil with varied and low fertility levels, soil acidity and high potential for pyrite toxicity, variety of peat thickness and maturity level, and the condition of farmers who are still weak both in terms of skills and capital. This paper discusses the intercropping potential of citrus and rice to increase the productivity of swamps in Indonesia, the environmental and technical constraints, and strategies in proper and integrated land management.

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