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One of the central concerns in modern social science is the examination of conditions under which various types of social systems maintain their existence. As industrialized society developed, the complex formal organization emerged as a pervasive and important type of social system whose maintenance has been widely studied. The development of complex organizations was paralleled by a more recent characteristic of modern society, the rapid professionalization of these complex organizations. The dual problems of systems maintenance and the relationship of professionals to complex organizations are closely related in the organizations that are the object of this study - i.e., large scientific research organizations, probably the most professionalized of modern organizations.

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