Researchers and developers use battery models in order to predict the performance of batteries depending on external and internal conditions, such as temperature, C-rate, Depth-of-Discharge (000) or State-of-Health (SoH) . Most battery models proposed in the literature require specific laboratory test for parameterization, therefore a great majority do not represent an appropriate and feasible solution. In this paper three easy-to-follow equivalent circuit modeling methods based only on information contained in a commercial Li-Ion cell manufacturer's datasheet are presented and validated at steady state, comparing simulation results and manufacturer's curves. Laboratory results are included in order to demonstrate the accuracy of parameters estimation. Results of each method are presented, compared and discussed for a Kokam SLPB 120216216 53Ah Li-Ion cell.

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Implementation of a liquid cooling transforms a refrigeration system into a combined cooling and heating system. Reclaimed heat can be used for building heating purposes or can be sold. Carbon dioxide based refrigeration systems are considered to have a particularly high potential for becoming efficient heat energy producers. In this paper, a CO 2 system that operates in the subcritical region is examined. The modelling approach is presented, and used for operation optimisation by way of non-linear model predictive control techniques. Assuming that the heat is sold, it turns out that the system has negative operational cost. Depending on the choice of objective function daily revenue varies from about 7.9 [eur] to 11.9 [eur].

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