Saponins exhibit multiple biological and pharmacological activities, and sugar moiety of saponins have been known to play a crucial role in bioactivity. In this report, we focus on the synthesis and evaluation of saponins with all-nitrogenated sugar (ANS), in which all oxygens are replaced with nitrogens. OSW-1 derivative-, cholesterol-, and diosgenin-ANS glycosides are synthesized by glycosylation with ANS in the presence of TMSOTf. As a result, OSW-1 mimic with ANS exhibits good cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 7.31 µM) and induces apoptosis.

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The totally substituted butenolide including two tetrasubstituted olefins is a distinct structural motif seen in Stemona alkaloids, but efficient methods for its synthesis are not well developed. As an ongoing program aimed at the collective total synthesis of the stemoamide group, we report a stereodivergent method to give either (E)- or (Z)-totally substituted butenolide from the same intermediate. While the AgOTf-mediated elimination via the E1-type mechanism results in the formation of the kinetic (Z)-tetrasubstituted olefin, the subsequent TfOH-mediated isomerization gives the thermodynamic (E)-tetrasubstituted olefin. The pyrrole ring is another important structure found in Stemona alkaloids. The direct oxidation of pyrrolidine rings with MnO2 and careful purification give the pyrrole groups without isomerization of the stereocenter in the lactone group. These two methods enable us to synthesize a series of stemoamide-type alkaloids including tricyclic, tetracyclic and pentacyclic frameworks. The anti-inflammatory activities by inhibition of iNOS expression in macrophage cell line RAW264.7 indicate that the most potent anti-inflammatory compounds without cytotoxicity are protostemonines, which consist of pentacyclic frameworks including the totally substituted butenolide.