The fluorinated polyimide PI(6FDA/HFBAPP) was prepared by the reaction of 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) with 2,2‐bis[4‐(4‐aminophenoxy)phenyl]hexafluoropropane (HFBAPP) in 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone/toluene. A multiblock copolyimide with both fluorinated and rigid‐rod segments, PI(6FDA/HFBAPP)(BPDA/2‐DMB), was prepared by the addition of a second dianhydride, 3,3′,4,4′‐biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA), and a second diamine, 2,2′‐dimethylbenzidine (2‐DMB), to the polyimide main chain. The potential lithographic performance of photosensitive polyimides composed of nonphotosensitive fluorine‐containing polyimides and photosensitive diazonaphthoquinone (DNQ) was studied on the basis of a new imaging principle recently proposed by our laboratory, that is, reaction development patterning. Neat PI(6FDA/HFBAPP) showed a low dielectric constant (ϵ) of 2.41 and a low dissipation factor (tan δ) of 0.0027 at 20 GHz, and a 10‐μm resolution of the fluorinated polyimide/DNQ system was demonstrated with reactive development with a solution including ethanolamine after ultraviolet exposure. Although slight changes in the dielectric properties were observed in the presence of DNQ residues, these values (ϵ = 2.63 and tan δ = 0.0033 at 20 GHz) were low enough for use in microelectronic applications. However, PI(6FDA/HFBAPP)(BPDA/2‐DMB), having a lower coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE; 33 ppm/°C) than PI(6FDA/HFBAPP) (49 ppm/°C), exhibited good positive photosensitivity, whereas the relatively low‐CTE multiblock copolyimide displayed a much higher ϵ value (3.48 at 1 MHz) than the highly fluorinated polyimide (2.88 at 1 MHz). A film consisting of PI(6FDA/HFBAPP)(BPDA/2‐DMB) and the remaining DNQ derivatives showed a CTE value comparable to that of the neat polyimide film. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 861–871, 2003

The first total synthesis of citridone A has been achieved through regioselective intramolecular iodocyclization and regio- and stereoselective Pd(0)-catalyzed coupling as key reactions.

In the UK, community forest projects have created an increase of new accessible open green spaces in post-industrial areas. However, there is a scarcity of sustainable funding for long-term management. Therefore, the partnership is recognized to be a key mechanism to maximize the benefits and to share the risks with a range of organization to maintain the quality of green spaces. This study is to clarify the achievements and the roles of the Mersey Forest over the last twenty years in developing partnership approaches in the Northwest of England. The study methods are based on literature reviews regarding on published literature on environmental regeneration and the data provided from the Mersey Forest, and interviews with representatives of the Mersey Forest. The first 10 years from 1994 to 2004 focused on planting trees for creating new and extending woodland. After that opportunity for large-scale new planting decreased and there was a need for managing the newly created open green spaces. Therefore, it has entered in the management phase and the role of the Mersey Forest is shifting to strengthen partnership working by providing advice to landowners. It also became clear that community forest approaches have been achieved together with landowners and partners through partnership working led by the Mersey Forest for over twenty years. Thus, the Mersey Forest has evolved from a governmental inspired organization to a community empowered organization.

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This paper aims to identify current situation of soil contamination countermeasures for England and Japan. It examines the legal framework and estimated stock measurement on contaminated land between the two countries. The primary findings are as follows: 1) The main differences in the Acts for soil contamination between the two countries are found in triggers for inspection, initiatives and ways of handling the whole process of remediation; 2) The number of estimated contaminated sites in the both countries is approximately 330,000. And the rate of site investigations is approximately three times in England than that in Japan; 3) Regarding the soil contamination counter measure, Environmental Act (EPA1990) and planning system (Planning 1990) are closely and jointly well operated in England; and 4) In England the local authority needs to take a strategic approach to the inspection of sites within their district boundary under EPA1990 and each contaminated site is handled by a risk based approach (CLEA) on the comprehensive evaluation of pollutant linkage and land use.