However, the chemical composition of the essential oils from B. rapa has not been reported. The purpose of this paper is therefore to determine and identify the steam volatiles content from the leaves of B. rapa plants produced from seeds harvested for food.

Objectives Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates, which are widely used to treat osteoporosis, act as inhibitors of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, one of the key enzymes of the mevalonate pathway, and thus may have the potential to enhance the effect of statins (inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase). In this study, we evaluated the synergistic effect of two nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates, alendronate and risedronate, in statin-induced apoptosis in rat skeletal L6 myoblasts. Methods L6 rat myoblasts were differentiated with drugs. DNA fragmentation was measured and small GTPase was detected by immunoblotting. Key findings Alendronate and risedronate caused dose-dependent apoptosis of L6 myoblasts. Risedronate induced detachment of rho GTPase from the cell membrane, followed by activation of the caspase-8-related cascade. Risedronate-induced apoptosis was synergistically enhanced with atorvastatin and significantly reduced by addition of geranylgeraniol. By contrast, alendronate did not reduce membrane GTPases and the apoptosis was caspase independent. Conclusions These results suggest that risedronate-induced apoptosis is related to geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate depletion followed by rho detachment, whereas alendronate affects are independent of rho. Our results suggest a risk of synergistic action between nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates and statins in the development of rhabdomyolysis when treating osteoporosis in women with hyperlipidaemia.Statin-bisphosphonate synergism in rat myoblasts Sumio Matzno et al.

These results suggest that risedronate-induced apoptosis is related to geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate depletion followed by rho detachment, whereas alendronate affects are independent of rho. Our results suggest a risk of synergistic action between nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates and statins in the development of rhabdomyolysis when treating osteoporosis in women with hyperlipidaemia.

Recent entomological studies carried out in Sakai City, Osaka, Japan showed a high density of Culex pipiens complex. We performed PCR-based molecular identification of Cx. pipiens complex to show local distribution of the members of Cx. pipiens complex and variation of the species composition in Sakai City. CDC miniature suction traps without a lamp enhanced with 1 kg of dry ice were used to collect adult mosquitoes at 12 collection sites from April 2009 to March 2010. Among 1,591 Cx. pipiens complex collected in this study, 1,044 (65.6̮) were identified as Cx. p. pallens, 474 (29.8̮) were Cx. p. form molestus, 62 were hybrids between Cx. p. pallens and Cx. p. form molestus, and 3 were identified as Cx. quinquefasciatus.