Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus- 2 (SARS-CoV-2), including the recently reported severe variant B.1.617.2, has been reported to attack the respiratory tract with symptoms that may ultimately lead to death. While studies have been conducted to evaluate therapeutic interventions against the virus, this study evaluated the inhibitory potential of virtually screened novel derivatives and structurally similar compounds towards SARS-CoV-2 via a computational approach. A molecular docking simulation of the inhibitory potentials of the compounds against the SARS-CoV-2 drug targets—main protease (Mpro), spike protein (Spro), and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)—were evaluated and achieved utilizing AutoDock Vina in PyRx workspace. The absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties of these compounds were assessed using SwissADME and ADMETLab servers. All the compounds displayed high binding affinities for the SARS-CoV-2 drug targets. However, the C13 exhibited the highest binding affinity for the drug targets, Spro and RdRp, while C15 exhibited the highest binding affinity for Mpro. The compounds interacted with the LEU A:271, LEU A:287, ASP A:289, and LEU A:272 of Mpro and the HIS A:540, PRO A:415, PHE A:486, and LEU A:370 of the Spro receptor binding motif and some active site amino acids of RdRp. The compounds also possess a favourable ADMET profile and showed no tendency towards hERG inhibition, hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, or drug-liver injury. These novel compounds could offer therapeutic benefits against SARS-CoV-2, and wet laboratory experiments are necessary to further validate the results of this computational study.