Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Materials and methods; calculations; images of bare sensor surface; controls with bare gold, azide-inhibited MvBOx, BSA and TvL; variations in scan parameters and oxygenation; plots of Dd 7 vs. Df 7. See

Back-contact PSCs are fabricated by depositing charge-selective electrodes and MAPbI3 into micron-sized polymeric grooves, micro-modules are formed by serially-connecting grooves.

Two surface analysis techniques, dual polarization interferometry (DPI) and analysis by an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation capability (E-QCM-D), were paired to find the deposition conditions that give the highest and most stable electrocatalytic activity per adsorbed mass of enzyme. Layers were formed by adsorption from buffered solutions of bilirubin oxidase from Myrothecium verrucaria at pH 6.0 to planar surfaces, under high enzyme loading (≥1 mg mL(-1)) for contact periods of up to 2 min. Both unmodified and carboxylate-functionalized gold-coated sensors showed that a deposition solution concentration of 10-25 mg mL(-1) gave the highest activity per mass of adsorbed enzyme with an effective catalytic rate constant (k(cat)) of about 60 s(-1). The densification of adsorbed layers observed by DPI correlated with reduced bioactivity observed by parallel E-QCM-D measurements. Postadsorption changes in thickness and density observed by DPI were incorporated into Kelvin-Voigt models of the QCM-D response. The modeled response matched experimental observations when the adlayer viscosity tripled after adsorption.

Perovskite solar cells utilising NiO and TiO2 charge-extraction layers, deposited via high-speed, low substrate-temperature reactive electron-beam evaporation, achieve 15.8% PCE.