The prevalence of twenty traumatic events and negative life events in relation to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was studied in a Faroese total-population sample of 687 eighth-grade students with a mean age of 14.2 years. Ninety-four percent of the females and 89% of the males were directly exposed to or had witnessed at least one traumatic event or a negative life event. The odds ratios for PTSD after direct and indirect exposure to specific events are described. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD was 20%, whereas another 14% reached a subclinical level of PTSD. After exposure, females had PTSD more than twice as often as males. Being exposed to multiple traumatic events, living with a single parent, and having experienced a traumatic event or a negative life event within the last year were all associated with PTSD and its subscales.

SUMMARY. We have investigated effects of altered extracellular sodium, intracellular sodium concentration, and membrane potential on the contractile responses of rat isolated mesenteric small arteries (internal diameter ca. 200 fim), when mounted as ring preparations on an isometric myograph. To avoid possible neural effects, all vessels were denervated in vitro using 6-hydroxydopamine. In unstimulated vessels, exposure to low-Na + solutions (25 mM sodium, sucrose, or choline-subsrituted) did not cause any response nor did exposure to ouabain (1 mM) for 1 hour [when intracellular sodium concentration increased to 64 mmol/(liter-cell)]. However, a response was obtained if ouabain-exposed vessels were subjected to low-sodium solutions (ca. 15% of maximal response). The magnitude of the response was dependent on the ratio of intracellular to extracellular sodium and was not inhibitable by the calcium blockers, felodipine (1 nM) or D600 (10 MM). This response could therefore be explained in terms of a Na-Ca exchange mechanism. The responses of activated vessels to ouabain and to low-sodium solutions were also investigated. The responses of vessels to submaximal doses of noradrenaline or potassium were potentiated acutely by ouabain (by 10-30% of the maximal response), even if the extracellular sodium was reduced to 25 mM. In all cases, the potentiation by ouabain was accompanied by a depolarization (3-12 mV). However, only in the case of noradrenaline-activated vessels with normal extracellular sodium was the potentiation accompanied by an increase in intracellular sodium [by ca. 7 mmol/(liter-cell)]. Moreover, the latter response was inhibited by felodipine and D600. The results suggest that Na-Ca exchange mechanisms may be present in these vessels but that they only play a role under extreme conditions; under normal conditions the effect of ouabain on activated vessels seems to be primarily due to its depolarizing effect, and not to its effect on intracellular sodium. (CircRes 54:740-749, 1984)

ResumeI denne artikel introduceres forskningstraditionen Design Based Research. Artiklen praesenterer de grundlaeggende antagelser, som ligger til grund for Design Based Research, og artiklen diskuterer principper for gennemførelse af et DBR-forskningsprojekt. Med udgangspunkt i forsknings-og udviklingsprojektet ELYK: E-laering, Yderområder og Klyngedannelse, praesenteres den innovationsmodel, som projektet har udviklet med udgangspunkt i Design Based Research traditionen. ELYKs DBR innovationsmodel har vist sig effektiv i forhold til projektfremdrift, brugerinvolvering og vidensgenerering, og den vil kunne inspirere andre med interesse i forskningsbaseret udvikling af didaktisk design, der er medieret af digitale teknologier. AbstractIn this article the research methodology Design Based Research is introduced. The article presents the fundamental assumptions of Design Based Research and discusses the principles that guide the implementation of a DBR research project. Based on the research and development project ELYK: E-learning, Rural Areas and Clustering, an innovation model, which has been developed from Design Based Research principles, is presented. The DBR innovation model of ELYK has shown itself effective in assuring momentum, user

This paper sets out to explore the significance of the production, sale and consumption of clothing as a product service system rather than as the more familiar 'shop-window' product offered for individual sale. While there are a number of studies of occupational clothing systems, relatively little is known about clothing systems tailored for the private market. This article presents a case study of a recently launched subscription service for baby clothing, which offered a range of eco-certified garments for rent as more or less complete wardrobes. Drawing on fashion scholar Kate Fletcher's (2012) concept of "techniques and processes of use" and on Actor-Network Theory, the study follows the company from its tentative beginnings through its first year in a process that provided an opportunity to study a clothing system "in the making." Particular interest is paid to how the leasing system and product design features are mutually constitutive and to how the system interconnects with practices of use and maintenance among subscribers with a special interest in laundry regimes and durability. Taking this empirical example as its point of departure, the article concludes with a discussion of how product qualities and processes of use are intertwined and co-constructed.

1.We have examined effects of inhibition of Na+,K+-dependent ATPase in large and small arterial ring preparations from rats and guinea pigs.2. Ouabain (1 mmol/l) caused myogenic contraction of rat aorta and tail artery, but had no long-lasting effect on 150 pm mesenteric and 150 pm femoral resistance vessels over a 3 h period. Much lower concentrations of ouabain (1 pmol/l) caused contraction of guinea pig aorta, but had no effect on the mesenteric and femoral resistance vessels.3. In the mesenteric resistance vessels, ouabain (1 mmol/l, rat vessels; 1 pmol/l, guinea pig vessels) caused the intracellular sodium content to rise over 2 h from approx. 13 mmol/l to approx. 60 mmol/l, and in the rat mesenteric resistance vessels this was associated with membrane depolarization from approx. -54 mV to approx. -30 mV after 3 h.4. The results suggest that whereas Na+,K+-ATPase inhibition and consequent raised intracellular sodium may cause contraction of large vessels, this does not seem to be the case for small vessels. It therefore seems that further investigation is required before it is accepted that raised intracellular sodium is in itself a factor of importance in the etiology of hypertension.