The present research was undertaken to study the antifungal activities of Origanum onites L. and Ziziphora clinopodioides L. essential oils against three different isolates (M1-5, M2-1 and M3-5) of Botrytis cinerea (in vitro tests) and to investigate the vapor contact impacts on fungus and strawberry fruit quality (in vivo tests). Antifungal activities of these oils were tested by following the poisoned food technique at four different concentrations (0.25, 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 mL/L) against B. cinerea. In vitro studies suggested that the 0.50 mL/L and 1.00 mL/L doses of O. onites and 1.00 mL/L and 2.00 mL/L doses of Z. clinopodioides provide high mycelial growth inhibition, 85.29–94.12% and 39.12–94.12%, respectively, by direct addition to food. Thus, these doses were tested in in vivo conditions, as a vapor contact treatment against two isolates (M1-5 and M3-5) of B. cinerea inoculated on strawberry cv. Camarosa fruits. Results showed that both O. onites and Z. clinopodioides essential oils have a moderate to high impact on the prevention of gray mold. The oils were also found to have a slight to moderate impact on weight loss and the loss of soluble solids concentration. Overall, the results demonstrated that the tested oils are a potential biodegradable alternative to fungicides.

Soil organic matter (SOM) is a heterogeneous mixture of materials ranging from fresh plant tissues to highly decomposed humus at different stages of decomposition. Soil organic carbon (SOC) status is directly related to the amount of organic matter in soil and therefore is generally used to measure it. Soil carbon sequestration refers to the removal of carbon (C) containing substances from the atmosphere and its storage in soil C pools. The soil microbial community (SMC) plays an important role in the C cycle, and its activity is considered to be the main driver of differences in C storage potential in soil. The composition of SMC is crucial for maintaining soil ecosystem services, as the structure and activity of SMC also regulate the turnover and distribution of nutrients, as well as the rate of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. Here, we applied fungi on the soils taken from two fields, one used as a pasture and one for agriculture (wheat cultivation), in a histosol in the eastern part of Türkiye and investigated the changes in the organic carbon and enzyme activity contents of the soils at the end of the 41-day incubation period. In the study, four different fungal species (Verticillium dahliae (SOR-8), Rhizoctonia solani (S-TR-6), Fusarium oxysporum (HMK2-6), and Trichoderma sp.) were used and catalase, urease, and alkaline phosphatase activities were examined. Results showed that the values of SOC were V. dahliae (7.46%), Trichoderma sp. (7.27%), R. solani (7.03%), Control (6.97%), and F. oxysporum (6.7%) in pastureland and were V. dahlia (4.72%), control (4.69%), F. oxysporum (4.65%), R. solani (4.37%), and Trichoderma sp. (4.14%) in agricultural land, respectively. SOC and soil enzyme activities were significantly affected by land use types (p < 0.05). The higher SOC and enzyme activities were observed in pastureland. Finally, it was determined that soil organic carbon and soil enzyme activities were affected by fungi. This study is important in terms of revealing that the effects of fungi on soil organic carbon and enzyme activities are different in various land types.

Bu çalışma, bakla bitkilerinden izole edilen Rhizoctonia spp. izolatlarının patojenitelerini ve anastomosis gruplarını belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Bitkilerin kök boğazı ve gövdelerinin alt kısımlarından yapılan izolasyonlar sonucu 43 Rhizoctonia izolatı elde edilmiş ve anastomosis grupları (AG) belirlenmiştir. Bu izolatların %48.8’inin Rhizoctonia solani, %51.2’sinin binükleik Rhizoctonia olduğu saptanmıştır. Elde edilen 21 R. solani izolatının AG-2 (1 izolat), AG-4 (8 izolat) ve AG-5 (12 izolat); 22 binükleik Rhizoctonia izolatının ise AG-K gruplarına ait olduğu saptanmıştır. Seçilen izolatlar ile in vitro şartlarda patojenite denemesi kurulmuş, R. solani ve binükleik Rhizoctonia izolatlarının virülenslik seviyelerinde farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. R. solani izolatlarının virülenslikleri yüksek olarak bulunurken, binükleik Rhizoctonia izolatlarının virülenslikleri ise zayıf olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada elde edilen Rhizoctonia türlerinin anastomosis gruplarının tümü Türkiye’de bakla bitkilerinde ilk defa tespit edilmiştir.

Cu içeriğinde nasıl bir değişim meydana getirdiğini tespit etmek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Bu amaçla çilek bitkilerinden elde edilen farklı vejetatif uyum gruplarına (VCG 2A, VCG 2B, VCG 4B ve VCGx) ait 19 V. dahliae izolatı incelenmiştir. Kontrol bitkileri dahil V. dahliae izolatları ile enfekte edilen toplam 200 bitkide besin elementi analizleri yapılmıştır. Kontrol bitkileri ile karşılaştırıldığı zaman V. dahliae enfeksiyonu çilek bitkilerinin P, Ca, K, Mg, B, Mn ve Cu içeriklerinde değişime sebep olmuştur. Bununla birlikte, enfekte olmuş bitkilerin Na, Fe ve Zn içerikleri kontrol bitkilerinden farklı bulunmamıştır.

This study was carried out to determine the alternative weed hosts of Fusarium spp. in potato fields in Erzurum province. Isolations were made from 15 weed species (Amaranthus retroflexus, Anchusa arvensis, Avena fatua, Centaurea depressa, Chenopodium album, Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Euphorbia spp., Hibiscus trionum, Lallemantia canesces, Linum bienne, Malva grandfolia, Polygonum lapathifolium, Sinapis arvensis and Tragopogon buphthalmoides) and 83 isolates of Fusarium were obtained from roots and/ or stems of the weeds. These isolates were recognized as Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium acuminatum and Fusarium avenaceum in the rates of 44.6%, 37.3%, 12.1%, 4.8% and 1.2% respectively. As a result of pathogenicity test conducted on potato plants (cv. Marfona), F. oxysporum and F. solani isolates were found to have the highest disease severity.