This study was conducted with the aim of determining the morphology, distribution and heterogeneity of mast cells in the tongues of seagull (Larus fuscus), common buzzard (Buteo buteo), goose (Anser anser), white stork (Ciconia ciconia) and Gerze rooster. The study used five samples of tongue material from each of the healthy adult avian species. The samples were fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin (NBF) solution, then, after routine tissue follow-up, the samples blocked with paraplast. Cross-sections with 5-6 μm of thickness were stained with the 0.5% toluidine blue and alcian blue/safranin O (AB/SO). In all five avian species, it was found that the mast cells were in different sizes and round, oval or spindle-shaped based on their place of distribution. Mast cell numbers were determined in stained with toluidine blue, examined ×40 objectives in a 1 mm area. It was observed that mast cell density in subepithelial lamina propria and microscopic papilla was higher in the tongues of all species. Mast cell distribution and heterogeneity varied through the tongue, and there were more mast cells in the dorsal side of the tongue than the ventral side. The highest amount of mast cells was found in the tongue of the Gerze rooster among all five species. In the tongue cross-sections stained with the combined method of alcian blue/safranin O (AB/SO), the mast cells were stained as AB (+), SO (+) and AB/SO (+) (mixed).

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Thymoquinone (TQ) has been widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases, to support the circulatory and immune system and to protect general health. Moreover, it is used as a nutritional supplement for preventive and therapeutic purposes in the respiratory, digestive and urinary systems. Secretion granules in the cytoplasm of mast cells contain primary mediators such as histamine, neutral proteases such as tryptase and chymase, and cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). 35 Sprague Dawley adult female rats were used as the study material. The rats were randomly assigned to five groups. First group: 1 ml/kg dose and second group: 2 ml/kg dose of TQ prepared at 1/1 (v/v) of ethanol and saline was intraperitoneally injected regularly in the rats daily for 42 days. Third group: 10 mg/kg dose and fourth group: 20 mg/kg dose of TQ was administered orally with the aid of a gavage probe. Fifth group was the control group in which no intervention was made. The lowest number of mast cells was detected in the group administered TQ at a dose of 20 mg/kg by oral gavage. It was determined that the numbers of mast cells in the control group and the group treated with TQ at a dose of 1 ml/kg intraperitoneally were close to each other. It was concluded that the increase or decrease between groups in the distribution of mast cells, chymase, IL-4, and IFN-γ cytokine expression may be partially effected in the spleen tissue by substances such as TQ.

Effect of probiotic on mast cell density and expression of tryptase, chymase, and TNF-α in the urinary bladder of rats with high cholesterol Tuğrul ERTUĞRUL 1a , Şerife TÜTÜNCÜ 1b , Gülay ÇİFTCİ 2c