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The ‘polluter pays’ principle (PPP) is one of the four tenets of the European Union’s (EU) environmental policy. Where the PPP is successfully applied, the polluter bears the cost of pollution, including the cost of prevention, control, and removal of pollution, as well as the cost it causes for the society and the respective population. The PPP is to discourage polluters from environmental pollution by holding them liable for the pollution by means of having the polluters, and not the taxpayers, bear the remediation cost. This paper juxtaposes the application of the PPP in the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union and Croatian jurisprudence. Following an overview of the PPP in EU law, the paper briefly reviews two CJEU cases (Van de Walle and Erika) that concern the question of whether liability for incidental pollution is attachable to both the manufacturer of dangerous material and the polluter. Next, the paper examines the application of the PPP in the Croatian judiciary, where – contrary to the EU environmental policy – the remediation cost being borne by the taxpayers is seemingly the norm (especially where the polluter cannot bear the remediation cost due to insolvency).

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This paper is devoted to issues which have not been suffi ciently explored in European literature, and which have had fragmented consideration in comparative literature. These issues raise the question of whether the EU legislator should develop a framework of criminal law rules which would regulate the use of Artifi cial Intelligence (hereinafter: AI) in the near future, and what such rules should specifi cally address. The authors recognise two issues of particular importance for the future regulation of AI development within the EU, and offer their perspective on the areas which should be subjected to regulation in this regard. In order to provide a systematic overview of this topic, the paper starts with a description of the recent regulatory action of the EU in the fi eld of AI, with special refl ection on the Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI. The authors then describe what are, in their opinion, the most important intersections of AI and criminal law in the broader sense, and in conclusion present their views of which areas should be specifi cally regulated by EU legislature in this context.

Ulaskom u Europsku uniju Republika Hrvatska obvezala se poštivati određena pravila 'igre' koja su definirana i samim osnivačkim ugovorima (UEU i UFEU) i praksom Suda EUa. U prvom dijelu rada istražuju se pravni problemi s kojima se Republika Hrvatska (dalje u tekstu: RH) susreće pri implementaciji i primjeni prava Unije nakon što je postala punopravna članica EU-a. Cilj je prvoga dijela rada analizirati u kojim područjima Europska komisija nalazi navodne povrede prava EU-a te će se u tom kontekstu analizirati preporuke Europske komisije upućene RH i postupci formalno pokrenuti na Sudu EU-a. U drugom dijelu rada analizirat će se primjena prethodnog postupka iz čl. 267. UFEU-a na hrvatskim sudovima s posebnim osvrtom na prethodna pitanja koja su u proteklih pet godina Sudu EU-a uputili hrvatski sudovi. Detektirat ćemo određene probleme i ponuditi rješenja kako poboljšati suradnju hrvatskih sudova sa Sudom EU-a, a sve s ciljem jedinstvena tumačenja i primjene prava EU-a. Ključne riječi: Europska unija; Republika Hrvatska; implementacija; postupak zbog povrede prava EU-a; prethodni postupak; Sud EU-a. * Dr. sc. Dunja Duić, docentica na Katedri za europsko pravo Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta J. J. Strossmayera u Osijeku (Assistant Professor, Chair of European Law, Faculty of Law, J. J. Strossmayer