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This study was performed to determine the antibacterial activity of methanol extracts of 23 bryophyte species against Paenibacillus larvae isolates that cause American foulbrood diseases in honeybee larvae. The honey and larva samples were collected from nine different locations of Rize in Turkey. A total of 22 gram-positive spore-forming bacteria were isolated from the larva and honey samples. According to the results of morphological, biochemical, and molecular (16S rRNA gene sequencing) tests, 10 isolates of the 22 gram-positive spore-forming bacteria were identified as P. larvae. A total of 10 bryophyte species (Polytrichum formasum, Polytrichum commune, Calliergonella cuspitada, Calliergonella lindbergi, Metzgeria conjugata, Isothecium alopecuroides, Syntrichia calcicola, Syntrichia intermedia, Tortella densa, and Grimmia alpestris) among 23 bryophytes showed good antimicrobial activity against P. larvae isolates according the results of agar-well diffusion method and minimal inhibition concentration experiments.

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The mosses are represented by approximately 25,000 taxa worldwide 1,2. Literature review on the chemistry of mosses mentioned the absence or trace amount of terpenoid compounds but, later investigations showed the occurrences of a great variety of terpenes and, other volitale compounds 3-8. In Turkey, the genus Neckera is represented by 5 taxa 1,2. To our knowledge, there is no previous report on the composition of the essential oil analysis and antimicrobial activities of N. complanata and N. crispa. The volatile constituents of the fresh mosses were obtained by hydrodistillation method in a modified Clevengertype apparatus. The obtained crude essential oils were then investigated by GC and GC-MS technique 6-17. EXPERIMENTAL Neckera complanata (Hedw.) Huebener was collected from Sevinç village, Maçka, Trabzon, Turkey (at a height of 315 m) in May 2011. Neckera crispa Hedw. was collected on the stony place in the forest from Zigana mountain, Trabzon-Turkey (at a height of 1509 m) in May 2011. The mosses were authenticated immediately after collection 1,2. Voucher specimens