The antioxidant activities of garlic are influenced by its variety and farming practices. The objectives of this research were to determine the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of garlic varieties which were marketed in Indonesia. The phenolic compounds were determined with Folin-Ciocalteu and antioxidant activities were examined using 2,2-diphenyl-2-phicrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Ascorbic acid was used as antioxidant reference. In this experiment, nine garlic varieties from different region in the world, as well as in Indonesia were investigated. Those varieties were Chinese, Egyptian, Indian, Sangga Sembalun (purple), Sangga Sembalun (white), Sangga Nunggal, Lumbu Kuning, Lumbu Hijau, and Ncuna Sambori. The results showed that antioxidant activities of Lumbu Hijau, Sangga Sembalun (white) and Ncuna Sambori were among the highest but not different statistically (p<0.05). Moreover, Sangga Sembalun (purple), Lumbu Kuning, Indian, Sangga Nunggal and ascorbic acid 15 ppm (as comparison) were in the second level and not different statistically (p<0.05), while Chinese and Egyptian varieties were the lowest. Sangga Sembalun (white) variety was further cultivated with different dose of farming inputs (manure, dolomite, NPK, ZA, Urea and KCl). Results showed that the antioxidant activities of Sangga Sembalun (white) which was cultivated with different dose of farming inputs were not different statistically (p<0.05). In general, different dose of farming inputs in farming practices were not changed the antioxidant activities of garlic variety.

Agriculture is one of the most important sectors to support household economy in West Nusa Tenggara (WNT), dominated by small holder farmers. This paper aims to provide insight on smallholder farmers attitude to access bank under integrated crop-livestock system in WNT. A survey was conducted in 2021 in East Lombok, Sumbawa and Bima districts covering 103 farmers. This study found that farmers in Lombok has less interaction with bank compared to Sumbawa and Bima. Reasons mentioned were afraid to be unable to repay, no collateral, and no need to loan. Conversely, farmers in Sumbawa and Bima have accessed bank loan for more than 5 years to support crops and cattle farming. This difference was also associated with resources. Average land and cattle ownership per household in East Lombok were much lesser than in Sumbawa and Bima, 0,4 vs 2 and 0,7 ha respectively, and 1-2 vs 4-5 and 5-6 head respectively. Loan for crops farming often get repaid from selling cattle. Hence, it is concluded that farmers with more resources are keener to access bank loan as they have back up from different enterprise for repayment. Cattle play significant safeguard role to repay bank loan in an integrated crop-livestock system.

Farm labour plays significant roles in crops production. This paper aims to describe gender segregation in crops farming, its roles and dynamic during Covid pandemic in West Nusa Tenggara. A survey was conducted in three districts, East Lombok, Sumbawa and Bima, involving 102 farmers. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected using interview method which then analysed descriptively. The results showed that most respondents employed woman labours for planting and mixed labour for harvesting amid the land ownership discrepancy and agroecology conditions. Women were considered to be more skilful and diligent than men. Nevertheless, they received lower pay by 50-100% on daily basis. Covid pandemic situation has posed varying effects on labour prices, work availability and movement. Labour prices generally has increased due to increasing prices of basic needs, yet work availability decreased as land owners tried to reduce cost because of rocketing fertiliser prices. Pandemic situation did not affect labour movement was in East Lombok and Bima since majority farmers used local labour. While in Sumbawa, as many farmers relied on migrant labour from Lombok and Bima for harvesting, the 2020 has affected harvest quality and subsequently selling prices due to late harvest since labours were not allowed to travel.

The main food consumption of farming families is an important concern during the pandemic. Farmers in West Nusa Tenggara (WNT) survive with the availability of rice to support household health and food security during the pandemic. In addition to its nutritional content, rice also contains phenolic compounds and has antioxidant activity. This study aims are to measure the frequency of rice consumption, food variety, varieties of rice consumed daily during the pandemic in WNT, as well as the antioxidant properties of several rice varieties grown in WNT. This study was conducted from September 2020 to June 2021 in East Lombok, Sumbawa and Bima Regencies, WNT Province, Indonesia using a survey approach. The data collection techniques were observation, Focus Group Discussion, recording, interviews with 74 respondents with a semi-structured questionnaire and study literature related to the nutritional content and bioactive compound of the rice. Quantitative data was tabulated to determine the frequency and average then descriptively analyzed, while qualitative data was thematically analysed. The most consumed rice varieties are seen from the production data of seed breeders in the WNT region, the phenolic content was determined using Folin–Ciocalteu, antioxidant activity was examined using DPPH assay. The result showed that the highest portion of food consumed by farmer households in WNT is rice. The most variety of rice produced by breeders is the Inpari 32 variety. There are about 97% of farmers consume rice for 3 times a day, while 3% of the remaining consume 2 times a day of rice. Food variety includes 7.9% vegetable-rice and 92.1% rice-vegetables-meat protein. The results of the analysis of antioxidant properties and phenolic content in rice is depending on the variety. The antioxidant properties of the Jeliteng, Baroma, Pamelen, Nutrizinc and Inpari 32 rice varieties were 44.85±0.51%, 9.87±1.55%, 9.96±1.22%, 9.75±1.09%, and 14.305±1.24%, respectively, while the phenolic contents were 9.76±0.09, 4.23±0.03, 4.48±0.02, 4.64± 0.07, 4.58±0.42 mg GAE/g dryrice extract, respectively. The results of this study indicate that rice has been used as one of antioxidants source for farming families during the pandemic.

Preparation process for meniran (Phillantus urinaria) functional drink (MFD) influences its antioxidant activity. This research aims to understand the phenolic content, DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity (RSA), and LDL oxidation of MFD through various preparation processes. Those preparation processes included soaking fresh meniran (SFM), boiling fresh meniran for 5 minutes (BFM5’), boiling fresh meniran for 10 minutes (BFM10’), and soaking dried meniran (DM). The phenolic content was determined with Folin–Ciocalteu, antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH and TBARS assay with LDL as the oxidation substrate. An antioxidant references in this research used ascorbic acid. The phenolic content in methods of SFM, BFM5’, BFM10’ and DM were 122±0.022, 182±0.043, 192 ±0.03, and 117 ±0.019 mg GAE/g of meniran respectively. Meanwhile, the DPPH RSA of SFM, BFM5’, BFM10’ and DM accounted for 82.18±0.35, 86.19±0.53, 86.75±0.64 and 69.96% respectively. As comparison, the DPPH RSA of ascorbic acid 50 ppm is 75.65±0.82%. At the same time the optimum inhibition of TBARS formation from BFM5’ and BFM10’ methods were 45.83 % and 48.66%, with MDA concentration in human LDL accounted for 38.30±2.39 and 36.30±1.82 nmol MDA/mg protein, respectively. As comparison, MDA concentration in human LDL added with ascorbic acid 25 ppm accounted for 41.35±2.41 nmol MDA/mg protein. In contrast, the control human LDL was 70.70±2.35 nmol MDA/mg protein. This study concludes that the BFM5’ and BFM10’ methods showed the highest antioxidant properties compared to other methods. All methods showed that MFD extract in concentration more than 25 ppm increased the concentration of MDA in human LDL. Therefore, to produce meniran functional drink in optimum antioxidant properties is best by using BFM5’ and BFM10’ preparation methods in meniran concentration of not more than 25 ppm.