Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a pre-malignant fibrotic lesion of the mouth in betel quid chewers and is characterised by dense bands of collagen in the juxta-epithelial region preceded by inflammation. We have investigated the spontaneous and stimulated production of cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from OSF patients and compared them with genetically-related relatives, Indian and Caucasian control subjects. The cytokines studied included: interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). The results show: a) significant differences in the stimulated versus non-stimulated levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha but not of IFN-gamma production by patients, and in the relatives' stimulated versus non-stimulated levels of IL-1beta, IL-6 and IFN-gamma; b) no difference in the spontaneous cytokine production between any two groups; and c) significant increases in the patients' stimulated cytokines compared to the Caucasian and Indian controls (P< or =0.050). These results demonstrate increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and reduced anti-fibrotic IFN-gamma in patients with OSF, which may be central to the pathogenesis of OSF.

The prevalence of neck-associated pain has increased in the last decade due to the overuse of electronic devices like computers and laptops. The rate of neck pain and computer usage is very high in Pakistan, which is alarming. The aim of this study was to provide data about neck pain and its possible association with computer usage in the academic staff of private universities in Peshawar, Pakistan. A cross-sectional study, consisting of the academic staff of three private sector universities of Peshawar (Abasyn University, City University, and Sarhad University) who were using a laptop or desktop computer, was carried out. The study's sample size was 204, comprising both genders (male/female) who were using a computer or laptop for more than 2 hours daily and whiteboard users. Those individuals who had recent neck injuries or conditions related to cervical pain, like rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, infections, and tumors, were excluded from the study. The neck disability index questionnaire measured the study outcome. This study's results demonstrate a strong association between neck pain and computer usage amongst academic staff of private sector universities in Peshawar.

HCV is internationally recognized health issue as it causes chronic liver diseases which are difficult to diagnose with symptoms until it causes sever liver damage which may leads to liver cancer. Oxidative stress caused by hepatitis leads to the damage of the DNA and oxidation of both lipid and protein. In the present study research was conducted to find and correlate hepatitis C with protein oxidation, DNA damage and lipid peroxidation. Samples were collected from 50 suspected individuals including 20 with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and 30 healthy ones. The protein carbonyls quantification was performed by using 2, 4 dinitrophenyle hydrazine assay (2,4 DNPH assay). The results of DNPH assay clearly showed that protein Carbonyl level was much higher than normal controls. Finally, HCV biochemical parameters i.e. cholesterol, triglycerides and complete blood count were compared. The results indicated that biochemical parameters were also significantly changed in patients when compared with control. This project elaborates a new era particularly the chronic HCV patients having severe liver dysfunction, abnormal proteins oxidation and biochemical parameters. On the basis of the current results, we concluded that oxidative stress was involved in abnormal biochemical parameters, protein oxidation and lead to liver damage.

Objective: To evaluate the occurrence of mandibular condylar fractures in our area regarding age, gender, etiological factors, type and level, any associated facial fractures and treatment modality adopted in our centre. Materials and Methods: Data of 120 patients presented with the features of mandibular condylar fracture at Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Bacha Khan Medical College Mardan from September 2016 to October 2019 was recorded. Non probability, convenience sampling technique was used. History, clinical and radiographic examination was performed for diagnosis. Treatment modalities included conservative, closed reduction and open reduction and internal fixation. Data regarding the age, gender, etiology, pattern and level of fracture, associated facial fractures and treatment modalities were evaluated and analyzed. Results: Mean age was 21 ± 11.97 years, with an age range of 5-75 years. Age group 11-20 years were most commonly affected (38.4%).The ratio of male and female was 3.80:1. Road Traffic Accidents (38.3%) was the common cause of injury. Unilateral fractures (65%) dominated the bilateral pattern (35%).Condylar head was most common fracture (58.60%). Parasymphysis was most common associated fractures (26.3%) followed by body and zygomatic bone (18.4%). Most of the patients were treated by closed reduction (54.2%). Conclusion: Public awareness is required regarding the significance of the condylar injuries. Randomized Controlled Trials are required to compare the outcome of different treatment modalities.

Globally hepatitis C virus is recognized as one of the basic health issues of liver and result in chronic liver diseases whose diagnosis is difficult and possible only with symptoms until it may leads to liver cancer. DNA damage along with lipids and protein oxidation is caused as result of oxidative stress in hepatitis patients. This work was carried out to search out the oxidation of protein and lipids per-oxidation with relative to DNA damage for hepatitis C patients. Sampling was done in 50 suspected patients among them 20 were positive for HCV, while 30 were negative. With the help of 2-4, dinitrophenyl hydrazine assay quantification of protein carbonyls was done and results showed much increased values than normal. Biochemical parameters of HCV such as complete blood count, triglycerides and cholesterol level were recorded. The results were significant in positive cases than the control group. The study elaborated a new window in the research of chronic HCV patients for severe biochemical parameters alterations, over oxidation of proteins and liver dysfunction. It was therefore concluded that oxidative stress was responsible for increased level of protein oxidation and altered biochemical parameters that leads to damage of liver