Climate change and Adaptation Coping Strategies among Sheep and Goat Farmers in Ivo Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria was studied. A total of 60 respondents were selected using  multi-stage random sampling technique. Data  for the study was collected using a  structured questionnaire. Percentage responses and multiple regressions were used to analyzed the data. The results revealed that males were more prominent in sheep and goat farming with age range of 41-61 years old. Also, majority of the sampled farmers were married, educated, had access to extension services with household size of 7-12 persons. Also, the adaptation coping strategies adopted by the farmers were use of shade, Use of  nutrient-dense diets , destocking and use of drinking water. Furthermore, the farmers socio-economic characteristics that affected the  adaptation  of climate change coping strategies in sheep and goats production were level of education, farming experience and age of the farmers. In addition, rainfall, temperature and relative humidity were the weather elements that effected sheep and goat production in the study area.   Finally, the factors limiting farmers’ adaptation coping strategies were  poor access to credit, poor access to  information, poor access to extension services and poor government involvements.The need to ensure the  farmers’ access to credit, education and extension services should be enhancedKeywords; Climate change, Adaptation, Coping Strategies, Sheep and Goat, Farmers.

The socio-economic determinants of farmers’ participation in off-farm income employment in Ezza south local government area of Ebonyi state, Nigeria were studied. The specific objectives of the study were to describe the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers, identify the off-farm income employments participated by the farmers, ascertain the determinants of farmers’ participation in off-farm income employments and identify the limiting factors to the farmers’ participation in off-farm income employments in the study area. A multi-stage random sampling procedure was used to select respondents for the study. One hundred and twenty farmers (120) were randomly selected for the study.  Data collected were analyzed using percentage responses and frequency distribution, logistic regression and 4-point Likert scale. The findings revealed that the farmers that participated in off-farm income activities were aged, educated, well experienced, large farm size, females, married and large household size. The result further revealed that high proportion of the respondents engaged in civil service, trading, motor cycle riders, auto mechanics and tricycle riders. The determinants factors to the farmers’ participants in off farm employments were household size, education level, farming experience, farm size and membership of cooperative societies. Factors limiting farmers’ participation in off-farm activities were high level of Illiteracy, poor access to credit facility, old age, inadequate power supply, poor extension services and ill health of farmers identified. There is need to enhance farmers’ access to extension services, educational program, encouraged farmers to join or form cooperatives.

Determinants of child Labour use among rural household crop farmers in Anambra State of Nigeria were studied. A multistage random sampling technique was used to select one hundred (100) respondents for the detailed study. A structured questionnaire was used to elicit information from the respondents for the study. Percentage response was used to capture objective i and iii.  Objective ii was capture using Probit model analysis.  The result showed that majority of the respondents were married, youthful, had moderate household size, educated and highly experienced in farming. The determinant factors to the use of child labour among rural household were relationship between the child and household heads, access to credit and educational level.  The major operations accomplished by the children in the study area were bird scaring, fertilizer application and planting. The child right act should be enforced by appropriate government agencies and the offenders brought to book, free education to all children and social mobilization on change of attitude to use of child labour were recommended. Keywords; Determinants, Child Labour, Crop Production, Anambra  State, Nigeria

Role of transport and marketing in enhancing agricultural production in Ikwo Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria was studied. A multi stage sampling procedure was used to select   300 respondents for the detailed study. A structured questionnaire was used to elicit information from the respondents. Data collected were analyzed  using of chi-square. The results show that head carrying, use of wheel barrows, bicycles, motor van, keke, donkeys, and motor cycles were various traditional modes of transportation for inter local transport of agricultural products. Furthermore, the result reveals that producers, retailers, consumers, wholesalers and processors were the marketing channels in the study area. Additionally, transportation and marketing have greatly enhanced the growth of agricultural production in the study area , despite existing problems such as bad roads, high cost of transport, few vehicles, poor drainage channels, culverts, few bridges and poverty. Also, the solutions to the identified problems were giving out loans to farmers, construction and repairs of roads, use of rail, mass transit, encouraging farmers’ cooperative societies and processing centres. However, If these solutions to the problems could be entrenched into policy framework at the three tiers of the governments, high returns in agriculture will  ensue. This will boost the contributions of agricultural sector to the nation’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP),which could translate to  better standard of living.Keywords:  Role, Transportation, Marketing, Enhancing, Agricultural production

Analysis of  moringa oleifera Lam (Moringaceae) product marketing and its’ effect on environment in South East, Nigeria was studied. Specifically, the objectives of the study are to describe the socio-economic characteristic of moringa product marketers, identify the various forms in which moringa are used, determine the marketing margin and marketing efficiency of marketing moringa oleiferia,   analyze the determinant factors to moringa oleifera marketing, identify  the effects of moringa marketing on the environment, identify the technologies used to cushion the effects of moringa marketing on the environment, determine the effect of the marketers’ socio-economic characteristics on their technology adoption decision and identify the constraint to marketing of moringa oleifera products in the study area. A multistage random sampling procedure was used to select120 moringa products marketers in the study area. Primary and secondary data were used to elicit information from the respondents. The objectives of the study were addressed using percentage responses, marketing margin and marketing efficiency models, multiple regression analysis and factor analysis. The results show that the majority of the marketers were males, youthful, large household size, married, educated and members of cooperatives. The most important form of moringa products consumed in the study area was leaf, followed seed and leaf powder. Furthermore, the marketing margin and marketing efficiency results showed to be positive and high respectively. Among the functional forms estimated, the linear form was chosen as the lead equation based on econometric and statistical reasons. The coefficients of age, education and membership of cooperatives had a direct relationship with marketing efficiency. The effects of moringa marketing on the environment were noise, odour, flies, littering of the environment with moringa residues, rodents and mosquito  The technologies used to guide against environmental degradation by moringa marketing were use of nose and  mouth protective gadgets, good ventilation, proper disposal of wastes, proper maintenance of processing plant and use of hearing protective device (HPD)  The determinant factors to the adoption of technology by marketers against environmental dilapidation were household size, educational level, access to credit, membership of organization. Important constraints militating against moringa marketing in the study area were low returns, competition, no financial support, inadequate funding, inadequate raw materials, high cost of transportation and poor communication. These variables fell between factor loading of 0.30 and above at 10 % overlapping variance as contained in factor analysis result. Policies options aimed at enhancing marketers access to free and affordable education, encourage marketers to form cooperatives in order to reduce the transaction cost of marketing and reduce the effects of marketing on te environment,  processor of moringa leaves into powdered form should wear protective devices and for marketers’ access to educational programmes on pollutions and likely consequences.Keywords; Analysis, , Moringa oleifera Lam, Marketing, effect, Environment South East, Nigeria