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With the development of gold nanorods (AuNRs) for a number of biomedical applications, understanding their various biological effects has become important. Surface functionalization of AuNRs is attracting increasing attention with regard to toxicity, cellular uptake, localization, therapeutic potential, and biodistribution. The aim of the study is to synthesis of stable AuNRs functionalized with polyethylenimine (PEI) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), multiparametric investigation of their cellular effects on the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) primary sensory neurones, evaluation of the in vitro/in vivo biodistribution, and toxicity. PEI and PEG surface coatings increased both biocompatibility and biodistribution of the AuNRs. With the near‐infrared laser of the two‐photon microscope, very strong radiations are taken from the nucleolus parts of the neurones particularly and these localizations of the AuNRs‐PEI are confirmed by the transmission electron microscope images. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis shows the presence of AuNRs in liver, spleen, kidney, heart, blood, and brain within a 30 day period. It is observed that the surface coatings of the AuNRs significantly increase the biodistribution and biocompatibility. The surface functionalization, stability, and biocompatibility of the AuNRs are very important parameters for the potential nanotheranostic applications of AuNRs in the next studies.

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Lactobacilli prevent overproduction of pathogenic microorganisms and contribute protecting vaginal microbiota. Many probiotic microorganisms are categorized as Lactic Acid Bacteria. In this study, it was aimed identifying probiotic characteristics of Lactobacillus crispatus isolated from the vagina of a healthy woman. For this purpose, lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide and proteolytic activity quantities and auto-aggregation, co-aggregation and hydrophobicity abilities of Lactobacillus crispatus, which has been isolated and identified by 16s rRNA sequence analysis, were determined. Additionally, bile salt and acid resistance, along with antibiotic susceptibility of Lactobacillus crispatus were analyzed by the end of 3 hours. Lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide and proteolytic activity quantities of Lactobacillus crispatus were measured 2.275%, 0.334±0.075 µg/mL and 2.131±0,000 mg/mL respectively. The findings include existence of co-aggregation and auto-aggregation ability, but not hydrophobicity. By the end of 3 hours, the viability was preserved in 0.1% and 0.3% bile salt medium and, at pH 3. L. crispatus exhibited resistance to methicillin, metronidazole, oxacillin, and sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim, but the bacteria exhibited susceptibility to tested the other antibiotics. This study will make an important contribution to the literature about probiotic characteristics of L. crispatus and our strain isolated from the vagina might be considered as a candidate probiotic.