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Human capital is a major driver of regional growth and provides insight into degrees of regional disparity (Barro & Lee ). Addressing these disparities is crucial to economic stability and cohesion in Turkey; therefore, we investigated the regional distribution of human capital and its evolution between 2008 and 2012. We used district level address‐based population registration system data from 957 districts to analyze regional human capital disparities and report significant results. Specifically, regional disparities in human capital are decreasing in Turkey, but enormous regional district level disparities persist. A disparity exists between the western and eastern regions in human capital at both primary and secondary educational levels. However, this east–west dualism almost disappears with regard to human capital at the tertiary educational level, which is heavily concentrated in Turkey's major cities (Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Kocaeli, and Bursa).

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Aim of the present article 1 is to investigate the impact of trade liberalization on the evolution of regional income inequalities in Turkey between 2004-2011. Despite the large body of literature on this subject, there exists several directions which needs to be further explored. i. so far in the literature, the concept of trade openness is too broadly defined. However, it is not only 'trade' per se that can affect the regional economies but the composition of trade is also of great importance (Rodriquez-Pose and Gill, 2006). Indeed, it can be partitioned into two components, such as exports and imports. We analyze separately the impact of each component on the evolution of regional inequalities. ii. in most of the empirical studies dealing with this issue, neighboring regions are assumed to have no spatial economic interconnection between each other. We, therefore, incorporate spatial spillovers of trade and growth into our analysis. Our results are summarized in two groups: First, regional inequalities in Turkey are quite sizable but tend to decline over the period of analyses. Second, initially poorer regions that experience an export-based liberalization tend to grow faster than richer ones. Imports, on the other hand, have an opposite effect.