The resources of labor and endogenous capital in these communes are shrinking due to wash-out effects. The aim of the article is an attempt to identify demographic factors influencing the spatial differentiation of the financial situation and an attempt to establish a relationship between the demographic situation of communes and their financial situation. Design/Methodology/Approach: The choice of variables in 2009-2018 was largely conditioned by the availability of data collected in the municipal system at the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office. The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution method was used to build synthetic measures. Findings: Communes located peripheral to the central center are characterized by, among others the effect of washing out the demographic potential. Their main problem is the scarcity of endogenous factors, which is a barrier to independent initiation of development. The research results indicate that a better demographic potential increases the diversity of individuals. Moreover, there is a relationship between the demography and the financial situation of communes. Demographic conditions are one of the basic factors in the development of communes. The financial situation and development opportunities change in the face of a progressive decline in the fertility rate, aging of the population and increasing population mobility. Practical Implications: The results of the conducted research enable local governments to make comparisons. The conclusions drawn may allow local authorities to determine potential directions of optimization of fiscal and demographic policies. Originality/value: The added value of the paper is the research findings focused on the assessment relationship between the financial situation and the demographic potential of municipalities. The research was conducted on a large group of communes (484) in eastern Poland.

Market conditions force local governments to take actions directed to the development and improvement of competitiveness. The efficiency of municipalities is determined by the efficiency and dynamics of development of the entire economy. The financial situation is a component of the competitiveness and responsibility of local authorities for the socio-economic development of the commune. The aim of the article is to analyse the spatial disproportions of the financial situation of rural communes in relation to their competitiveness using the TOPSIS synthetic measure. The analysis was conducted in a system of 69 rural communes of the Świętokrzyskie province. To assess the financial situation, the following were used: own income, local taxes and fees, income from PIT and CIT, operating surplus, transfer income and EU funds, property (investment) expenses, as well as interest and debt expenses. The conducted research showed that in the analysed period of 2007-2017 communes were characterized by stable diversification of financial situation and competitiveness.

Economic security can be described as a process, in which one seeks to achieve a state of calmness and the ability to neutralize emerging threats, in a geographically or culturally defined space, in which an individual, legal entity or territory has a feeling similar to certainty that they have and will have sufficient the amount of resources to cover current needs and that there will be no risky situations that would deprive these entities of their resources. The aim of the article is to assess the diversification of economic security of communes in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodship in 2009-2018, using a synthetic measure. Empirical data were collected in spatial terms for 102 communes of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodship. The material used was data from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office and the Regional Accounting Chamber of Kielce for 2009-2017. When discussing the activities of local entities in the process of shaping economic security, the first thing to emphasize is the importance of Local Government Units (LGUs), the operation of which is key in ensuring the continuity of the development process and striving to ensure an adequate level of security. Economic security is expressed primarily in the economy's ability to survive and develop. The greater the economic potential of the national economy is at a higher level of socioeconomic development and shows faster growth dynamics, the more stable and durable its security is considered. The study showed a diversified level of financial security for communes in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodship. In 2018, the measure of the level of financial security ranged from 0.65 to 0.85, while from 0.69 to 0.87 in 2009.

This paper deals with the problem of detecting benzyl methyl ketone (BMK), which is a precursor of amphetamine that can be synthesized in home labs. The focus of our work was to identify an improvement for the analysis of sewage introduced into the municipal sewage system. The sensors used to detect BKM in these systems are often clogged and therefore cannot function properly. In this article, a new method of detecting BMK and other chemicals in wastewater is presented. A system containing capillary polypropylene, hydrophobized with polysiloxane coating fibers was prepared. These solutions were used for continuous online measurements by ion mobility spectrometry. The use of pipes with a polysiloxane coating reduces the permeation of water and significantly increases the BMK permeation due to its high solubility in the polymer.

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