Background: Coracoid process is a part of scapula and plays an important role in shoulder function. It arises from the antero-lateral aspect of the scapula. The aim of our study is to record the various morphometric parameters of the coracoid process.Methods: The study was performed on 50 pairs of human scapula of known sex in Department of Anatomy at PGIMS Rohtak. The parameters recorded were length, breadth, thickness, height and types of coraco-glenoid space by using vernier calipers. These parameters were compared in both sexes on both the sides.Results: Type I (round bracket) coraco-glenoid space was found to be predominant. Statistically significant difference was noted in all four parameters between males and females except in thickness on right side. Though all the four parameters have higher values on right side in comparison to left side but the difference was statistically insignificant.Conclusions: The study provides valuable information regarding the role of these parameters in etiology of subcoracoid impingement syndrome which will be helpful in its management to the surgeons.

Background: Dissection of the dead human body has been central to medical education since Renaissance. First year medical students normally experience a variety of emotional reactions and mixed feelings, when they encounter human cadavers for the frst time. Aims and Objective: First year medical students normally experience a variety of emotional reactions and mixed feelings, when they encounter human cadavers for the first time. The aim of the study was to study the difference in dissection hall experience of the male and female medical students over a period of time.Material and Methods: Total 178 students were given a questionnaire within 3-4 days and again 3 months after the start of dissection in the dissection hall. The students were asked to answer in either ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ option.Results: All the symptoms were found to be decreased in both male and female students over a period of 3 months except lack of concentration in males. No statistical signifcant difference was found between the symptoms of male and female students.Conclusion: A better teacher – student interaction, pre-education sessions will help in improving the attitudes of students towards cadaveric dissection, thereby reducing the drop-out rates.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.8(2) 2017 86-89

In Modern healthcare systems, diagnostic information of patients is managed digitally. Watermarking strategies plays a significant role to ensure the security, authenticity and management of biomedical images and related patient information. This paper explores different invisible Digital watermarking methods both in spatial and transform / frequency domain and then Hybrid method by combining two techniques to justify better results for medical images. Here, host image considered is a medical image and patient’s information is a watermark which is embedded into it. The embedded watermark is hidden in medical host image and its quality should not be degraded to avoid misdiagnosis by doctors. In this paper, LSB, SVD, DCT, DWT and Hybrid techniques (DWT+SVD) are implemented for embedding and extraction process of invisible medical image watermarking. The performance is evaluated based on PSNR as a measure of imperceptibility and CRC & SSIM as a check of robustness. The attacks introduced are cropping, rotating, and noise like Gaussian, Salt & Paper, Speckle and Poisson. Results reveal that DWT provides higher PSNR values but it is robust for few attacks only. On the other side, SVD provides consistent SSIM for all attacks, although PSNR values are less than that of DWT. Hence a hybrid technique is implemented by incorporating benefits of DWT and SVD both and achieved optimal values of PSNR as well as SSIM to provide better security to medical images by preserving the quality as well.

INTRODUCTIONThe scapula is a large, flat and triangular bone which lies on the posterolateral aspect of the chest wall, covering parts of the second to seventh ribs. It has costal and dorsal surfaces; superior, lateral and medial borders; inferior, superior and lateral angles and three processes, the spine, its continuation the acromion and the coracoid process. The acromion process projects forwards almost at right angle from the lateral end of the spine of scapula. It has got medial and lateral borders. It forms the highest point of the shoulder and projects over the glenoid cavity. 1The anterior third of the acromion process, the coracoacromial ligament, and the coracoid process form the coracoacromial arch. The rotator cuff tendons, the subacromial bursa, the biceps tendon, and proximal humerus all pass beneath this arch. Any process acquired or congenital, that narrows the space available for these structures can cause mechanical impingement. 2Morphometry of the acromion process of the scapula plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of impingement syndrome of the shoulder joint and rotator cuff diseases.3 Bigliani et al categorized the acromial morphology into three types: Type I or flat, type II or curved, and type III or hooked. 4 It is widely accepted that rotator cuff lesions are noticed mainly in the Type III or hooked acromion. 5 The knowledge regarding the shape and various distances of the acromion process might benefit the orthopaedicians during surgical repair around ABSTRACT Background: In scapula, the acromion process projects forwards almost at right angle from the lateral end of spine. Morphometry of the acromion process is an important factor in contributing to impingement syndrome of the shoulder joint. Methods: The study was performed at Department of Anatomy, PGIMS Rohtak on 50 pairs of human scapula, out of which 30 were males and 20 were females. The various parameters like length, width, thickness, coraco-acromial distance, acromio-glenoid distance and types of acromion process were recorded using vernier calipers. These parameters were compared in both sexes on both the sides. Results: Type-II Acromion i.e. Curved type was found to be most predominant. Statistically significant difference was noted in all the five parameters between males and females except Acromio-glenoid distance on right side. Conclusions: Knowledge of the morphometric parameters of acromion process is important for Orthopaedicians, Anthropologists and Anatomists.

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