This study was carried out using vertical electrical sounding (VES) to evaluate the groundwater potential and the aquifer protective capacity of Northern Paiko. Sixty vertical electrical soundings were obtained across the study area using Schlumberger electrode configuration. Three to four geoelectric layers were delineated from the interpreted results. The stratigraphy of the subsurface shows: topsoil (62.8-3082 Ωm), weathered layer (15.2-80 368 Ωm), fractured layer (191-236 672 Ωm), and the fresh basement (79.9-308 865 Ωm). The weathered layer was delineated as the major aquiferous horizon. From the results, the resistivity, thickness, and longitudinal conductance maps were drawn. It was observed that groundwater potential is low in about 76.7% of the study area. This study has also shown that the aquifer protective capacity of most parts of the study area is poor (83.3%), thus rendering the aquifer vulnerable to contamination.

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Vertical electrical sounding (VES) was carried out to evaluate the groundwater potentials of Nigerian Union of Teachers Housing estate, Paggo, Minna. The ABEM Terrameter model SAS 4000 was used to collect the subsurface data for the evaluation of groundwater potentials. Six profiles with ten VES stations on each profile were sounded with intervals of 100 m apart. It has a maximum current electrode separation (AB/2) of 100 m. Three and four geoelectric layers were obtained which include: topsoil, weathered layer, fractured layer and fresh basement layer. The stratigraphy of the subsurface shows: topsoil (67.5-835.1 Ωm), weathered layer (108.0-939.7 Ωm), fractured layer (118.9-242.0 Ωm) and the fresh basement layer (1041.0-9704.0 Ωm). Sixteen VES points were recommended as groundwater potentials of the area having weathered/ fractured layer resistivity varying between 65.84 and 454 Ωm, depths range from 10.61 to 26.37 m, and thickness varies between 9.255 and 24.69 m. The observed frequencies in curve types include 58.33% of H, 26.67% of A, 10% of HA and 5% of AA. A correlation of the borehole log data with the VES was made and is in agreement. Viable boreholes for good portable water should be sited at VES stations A 10 and D 9 with a reasonable thickness of 21.2 and 10.68 m, respectively.

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