The health crisis emerging from China in January 2020 has spread around the world resulting in a disruption of daily life activity in many countries. In response to this health threat, different measures have been implemented by national governments to minimize the possible health consequences. This article explores the initial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain, providing an epidemiological overview and reviewing the early measures developed to control its spread. On 1 April, Spain was the country with the second highest incidence in the world; with 104,118 positive cases detected and 9387 deaths recorded. Among these, 20.2% of positive cases were among healthcare professionals. In addition to the unprecedented health crisis, the lockdown interventions employed were considered to be among the strictest measures implemented through European countries. These measures were initially successful in controlling local transmission, but resulted in severe economic and social impacts. A critical review of the actions taken and their impact on the Spanish population could contribute to guide and inform decision-making in future pandemic situations.