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Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 60 to 85% of the population worldwide does not engage in enough activity; making physical inactivity the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality. Aims and Objectives: This study evaluated the effect of treadmill exercise on liver enzymes, lipid profile, glucose, albumin, blood pressure and pulse rate of apparently healthy students of Nigerian Law School, Enugu Campus, Enugu State Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Sixty (60) students (30 males and 30 females) within the age bracket of 21-35 years were recruited for this study. The anthropometric parameters: height (m) and weight (kg) were taken and used in the calculation of body mass index (BMI). Blood samples were collected from the subjects for the determination of liver enzymes, lipid profile, glucose and albumin levels before and immediately after exercise. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure and pulse rate were also measured before and immediately after exercise. The blood samples collected were analyzed in the laboratory for albumin, glucose, lipid profile (triglyceride, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL)), liver enzyme (aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphate (ALP)) using standard methods as described in materials and methods. Results: There were significant difference (p<0.05) between the mean pulse rate and blood pressure before and after treadmill exercise. There were also significant difference (p<0.05) between the mean glucose, AST, ALT, ALP, total cholesterol and albumin before and after exercise. Conclusion: Findings from this study revealed that tread mill exercise has a short term effect of the metabolic, physiological and hemodynamic functions of the exercising individuals.

Extensive literature has demonstrated the use of fresh human breast tumour tissue surgically implanted in immunodeficient mice to establish patient-derived xenograft (PDX) as a therapeutic assessment tool. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of genomic research using PDX as a preclinical tool for breast cancer metastasis in Nigerian women. Previous studies of rodent models have concentrated on cell line xenograft of other tumours usually of Caucasian or African American counterpart. To overcome this limitation, Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) was derived from a consenting 32-year-old Nigerian woman who had neoadjuvant therapy and had undergone a mastectomy. Triple-negative breast cancer lacks expression of hormone receptors including human epidermal receptor (HER2-), estrogen receptor (ER-) and progesterone receptor (PR-) genes. TNBC xenograft was established by orthotopic surgical implantation of breast cancer tissue fragments of 2mm3 in size with cultrex in the cleared breast pads of immunosuppressed mice and a further two passages. The size of the implanted tumour was checked twice weekly. Haematology & eosin histology and immunohistochemistry analysis were used to structurally and functionally characterize the tumour xenograft and primary tumour respectively. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR) was used to evaluate the genomic correlation between primary tumour and tumour xenograft. Target genes compared between the tumour xenograft and primary tumours included CXCL16; CLD10; CDC42EP3; CXCL16; EPSTI1; PALMD and ZAN. Reference genes RLP13A and GAPDH were selected as assays for endogenous controls. All tumour tissues were mechanically homogenized and lysed in guanidine isothiocyanate buffer from which RNA was extracted and converted to cDNA by random hexamer priming. RQ-PCR was performed using TaqMan chemistries. This was validated by DNA sequencing of the xenografts tumour and primary tumour using Nanopore DNA sequencing, and Ligation Sequencing ID2 chemistry. The DNA sequences were aligned with Meg Align Pro The xenografts appear to maintain characteristic human histopathology, tumour-marker production. None of the tumours showed hormone sensitivity. There was a local invasion of breast cancer in the bone. The pairwise alignment yielded significant percentage relativity. Citation Format: Uzoamaka Adaobi Okoli, Michael Tochukwu Okafor, Kenneth A. Agu, Samuel R. Ohayi, Emmanuel O. Nna, Chioli P. Chijioke, Iroka J. Udeniya. Characterization and establishment of triple negative breast cancer patient derived xenograft derived from a Nigerian woman [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 1679.

Rabbit kidney (RK13) cells infected with virus isolated from a homogenate made from the placenta of aborted foetal donkeys were stained with Leishman’s stain, morphological changes including cytopathic effects (CPE), syncytia, and inclusion bodies were seen by light microscopy after incubation for 24hrs-96hrs at 370C. After 48hrs of incubation, about 60% of cells were infected. Another Set of RK 13 cells infected with either native virus or both ether treated virus and native virus in the presence of acyclovir was stained with Giemsa, morphology changes were observed in the native virus infected cell while little or no change was seen in infected cells in the presence of acyclovir and ether treated virus respectively. Virus infected RK13 cells were stained with acridine orange, intracellular fluorescent green colour was seen by fluorescence microscopy in the cell nucleus. The clinical history and CPE of the virus in RK13 cell are similar to Equine Herpes virus.