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A theoretical investigation is presented for the local energy loss of a relativistic charged particle and the K-shell excitation cross section aK when the particle crosses a sharp interface between two different media. The logarithmic increase of the local energy loss and o-K with the particle energy is shown to differ essentially from the case of a homogeneous medium. The calculations of e~ for aluminum and copper foils are in good agreement with the experimental data.

We briefly summarize the reported anomalous effects in deuterated metals at ambient temperature, commonly known as "Cold Fusion" (CF), with an emphasis on important experiments as well as the theoretical basis for the opposition to interpreting them as cold fusion. Then we critically examine more than 25 theoretical models for CF, including unusual nuclear and exotic chemical hypotheses. We conclude that they do not explain the data.

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