Эффективность мобилизации древесных растений определяется методом фенологических наблюдений, который позволяет получить массив данных об особенностях роста, сезонной периодичности и соответствии развития вегетативных и генеративных органов растений местным климатическим условиям. Биоресурсные коллекции Федерального научного центра агроэкологии, комплексных мелиораций и защитного лесораз

Для Нижнего Поволжья со сложными почвенноклиматическими условиями прогнозы несут рост продолжительности вегетации, увеличение тепла, смягчение зим. Это указывает на необходимость исследований субтропических растений для объективной оценки выявления механизмов их адаптации и перспективности для создания защитных лесных насаждений в малолесных регионах. Теоретический и практический интерес для Волгоградской области представляет ценное плодовое, лекарственное, лесомелиоративное и декоративное растениекустарник (унаби) Zizyphus jujubа Mill. (семейство Rhamnaceae). Цель исследований изучить экологофизиологические особенности субтропических древесных растений Zizyphus jujubа и выявить индикаторные признаки их адаптации в Волгоградской области. Объектами исследований являлись сортовые растения унаби (Таянцзао, Южанин крупноплодные, Дружба, Финик среднеплодные, Сочинский, Темрюкский мелкоплодные). Они испытываются в Волгоградской области впервые, получены из ФГБНУ ВНИИЦиСК (г. Сочи) и возделываются в ФГБНУ ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН (Волгоградская область, Россия). Почвы экспериментального участка (504505с.ш. и 45224523 в.д.) характеризуются небольшим содержанием гумуса (с 0,57 до 1,15 ). Выявлено, что для района исследований (Волгоградская область) характерны небольшое количество осадков, низкие температуры зимой, высокие летом, засухи высокой и средней интенсивности. Амплитуда абсолютных максимумов и минимумов варьирует от семидесяти восьми (сухая степь) до девяноста градусов по Цельсию (полупустыня). Установлено, что агроклиматические ресурсы ареалов естественного распространения отличаются от пунктов введения Zizyphus jujubа Mill. в культуру. Разные уровни морфологической изменчивости, а также водообеспеченности приводят к изменению способности расходовать и удерживать воду, к дефициту влаги в листьях у Z.jujubа. Незначительное влияние засухи на состояние надземных органов растений в острозасушливые периоды отмечено у среднеплодных и крупноплодных сортов. Повреждаются молодые неодревесневшие побеги (при температуре воздуха около 40 С и снижении влажности воздуха до 10). Снижение тургора листьев наблюдалось при показателях водного дефицита 28,335,8 . Водный дефицит снижается на 610 с увеличением возраста, что обусловлено повышением адаптации и регуляции водного баланса. По показателям относительного выхода электролитов определены группы по степени засухоустойчивости: низкая Южанин, ТаЯнЦзао (4,234,71), средняя Финик, Дружба (3,103,61) и высокая Темрюкский, Сочинский (1,641,99). Экологическая толерантность различных организмов к низким температурам достаточно специфична. Оценка различных сортов Zizyphus jujubа в условиях светлокаштановых почв показала, что адаптация растений к низким температурам повышается с увеличением возраста. У мелкоплодных сортов с увеличением возраста повреждения незначительны. По материалам вегетационного опыта установлены пределы экологической толерантности мелкоплодных форм Zizyphus jujubа к хлоридному засолению, что дает возможность прогнозировать их успешное выращивание на почвах с содержанием ионов хлора 0,1. Таким образом, проведенные комплексные экологофизиологические исследования адаптационной способности субтропических растений Zizyphus jujubа выявили индикаторные признаки, позволяющие оценивать и прогнозировать степень адаптации в зависимости от сортовой принадлежности и реакцию на стрессовые факторы, специфичные для условий Нижнего Поволжья. For the Lower Volga region with difficult soil and climatic conditions, forecasts bear an increase in the length of the growing season, an increase in heat, and a softer winters. This indicates the need for studies of subtropical plants for an objective assessment of the identification of mechanisms for their adaptation and prospects for creating protective forest plantations in sparsely wooded regions. Theoretical and practical interest for the Volgograd region is a valuable fruit, medicinal, forest reclamation and ornamental shrub (unabi) plant Zizyphus jujuba Mill. (family Rhamnaceae). The purpose of the research is to study the ecological and physiological features of subtropical woody plants of Zizyphus jujuba and to identify indicator signs of their adaptation in the Volgograd region. The objects of research were the varietal plants of the unabi (Tayangzao, Southerner largefruited, Druzhba, Phenicia mediumfruited, Sochi, Temryuk smallfruited). They are tested in the Volgograd region for the first time, obtained from the FSBI (city of Sochi) and are cultivated in FSBI FNTS Agroecology RAS (Volgograd region, Russia). The soils of the experimental plot (50 450 5N and 45 2245 23E) are characterized by a low humus content (from 0.57 to 1.15). It was revealed that the study area (Volgograd region) is characterized by a small amount of precipitation, low temperatures in winter, high temperatures in summer, droughts of high and medium intensity. The amplitude of the absolute maxima and minima varies from seventyeight (dry steppe) to ninety degrees Celsius (semidesert). It has been established that the agroclimatic resources of natural distribution areas differ from the introduction points of Zizyphus jujuba Mill. to culture. Different levels of morphological variability, as well as water availability, lead to a change in the ability to expend and retain water, to a lack of moisture in the leaves of Z.jujuba. The insignificant effect of drought on the state of the aboveground plant organs during the arid periods was observed in mediumsized and largefruited varieties. Young, nonlignified shoots are damaged (at an air temperature of about 40 C and a decrease in air humidity of up to 10). A decrease in leaf turgor was observed with water deficit indicators of 28.335.8. Water deficiency decreases by 610 with increasing age, which is due to increased adaptation and regulation of water balance. According to the indicators of the relative electrolyte yield, groups were determined according to the degree of drought resistance: low Southerner, TaYanZao (4.234.71), medium Finik, Friendship (3.103.61) and high Temryuk, Sochi (1.641.99). Ecological tolerance of various organisms to low temperatures is quite specific. Evaluation of different varieties of Zizyphus jujuba under lightbrown soils showed that the adaptation of plants to low temperatures increases with increasing age. In small varieties with an increase in age, the damage is minor. Based on the vegetation experience, the limits of ecological tolerance of smallfruited forms of Zizyphus jujuba to chloride salinity were established, which makes it possible to predict their successful cultivation on soils with a chlorine ion content of 0.1. Thus, complex ecological and physiological studies of the adaptive capacity of subtropical plants Zizyphus jujuba revealed indicator signs that allow to evaluate and predict the degree of adaptation depending on the variety and the response to stress factors specific to the conditions of the Lower Volga region.

Promising types of climbing shrubs have important aesthetic and sanitary-hygienic importance as types of multi-purpose use in the development of urban and agroecosystems in arid regions (Volgograd region). The purpose of the research is to determine the prospects for the use of climbing shrubs in the vertical gardening of residential areas on chestnut soils based on the study of their biological potential. The object of research was climbing shrubs growing in the collections of the Federal Research Center for Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and in the landscaping of Volgograd and Kamyshin. In collection plantings, 5 species of different geographical origin grow: Campsis radicans; Vitis amurensis; Parthenocissus quinguefolia; Celastrus orbiculata; Lonicera caprifolium. Under the conditions of introduction, all types of climbing shrubs bloom and bear fruit. The ability of climbing shrubs to self-reproduce indicates the degree of their adaptation to new environmental conditions. Plants of all studied species reached the generative phase of development. Studies on the negative effects of low temperatures on plants in the winter showed that they are mostly frost and winter hardy and suitable for vertical gardening of residential areas of Volgograd and Kamyshin. It was revealed that climbing shrubs are quite resistant to the transfer of a complex of winter factors. North American, European and Far Eastern (Vitis amurensis, Parthenocissus quinguefolia, Celastrus orbiculata) winter the best in the collections. They have a high winter hardiness score. The area of their natural distribution is located at the same geographical latitudes as the Lower Volga. Campsis radicans freezes when lowering winter temperatures to -37°C. It has been established that the climate of the region of their natural distribution is largely similar to the area of introduction, therefore, they turned out to be quite adapted to the new growing conditions. The distribution range of the Caucasian-Mediterranean and East Asian species is much to the south. Campsis radicans and Lonicera caprifolium tolerate lower freezing temperatures worse. These species should be introduced into the southern regions of the Volgograd region. In plants at a young age and with increasing temperature and falling humidity of air and soil by the end of the growing season, the water deficit increases. The greatest water deficit during drought (July, August) as a percentage is observed in Vitis amurensis at about 22%. Celastrus orbiculata rotundifolia has a water deficit of about 18%, then Campsis radicanswithin 14%, Parthenocissus quinguefolia - 12%. The lowest water deficit is observed in Lonicera caprifolium (about 10%). Studies have shown that vertical landscaping involving climbing shrubs improves the microclimate. Wall plantings of maiden grapes in the hot summer months (July, August) reduce the air temperature by an average of 3 - 4 ° C, increase air humidity to 55 - 60% and bring microclimate parameters closer to the zone of hygienic comfort. A high yield of planting material can be achieved due to the optimal harvesting time of cuttings. The economic efficiency of production, expressed as a percentage, was 186 for Campsis radicans and 212% for Lonicera caprifolium. Вьющиеся кустарники имеют важное эстетическое и санитарно-гигиеническое значение как виды многоцелевого использования при развитии городских и агроэкосистем в засушливых районах (Волгоградская область). Объекты исследования – 5 видов вьющихся кустарников(Campsis radicans; Vitis amurensis; Parthenocissus quinguefolia; Celastrus orbiculata; Lonicera Caprifolium) в коллекциях Федерального научного центра агроэкологии Российской академии наук. Выявлено, что устойчивы к переносу комплекса зимних факторов североамериканские, европейские и дальневосточные виды (Vitis amurensis, Parthenocissus quinguefolia, Celastrus orbiculata), естественный ареал которых расположен в тех же географических широтах, что и Нижнее Поволжье. Ареал кавказско-средиземноморских и восточноазиатских видов значительно южнее. Campsis radicans и Lonicera caprifoliumрекомендуются для южных районов Волгоградской области. Установлено, что с повышением температуры и падением влажности воздуха и почвы к концу вегетации наибольший дефицит наблюдается у Vitis amurensis - 22%. Celastrus orbiculata rotundifolia–18%, Campsis radicans– 14%, Parthenocissus quinguefolia - 12%. Низкий дефицит воды у Lonicera Caprifolium (около 10%). Исследования показали, что вертикальное озеленение с использованием вьющихся кустарников улучшает микроклимат в жаркие летние месяцы.

Abstract. Purpose is to assess the parameters of fruiting introduced subtropical and nut crops in the “genotype-environment” mode to substantiate the expansion of the cultivation areas of economically important plants with the enrichment of dendroflora and the formation of multipurpose plantings in the Volgograd region. The objects of research are species and varieties of various arealogical origin and grow in the conditions of chestnut soils (cadastral numbers of sites 34:36:0000:14:0178; 34:34:000000:122; 34:34:060061:10). Methods. The limits of tolerance of species, varieties and limiting factors of their growth were carried out on the basis of an analysis of the experience of introduction of the studied genera Zizyphus and Corylus in Russia and abroad. An active experiment was applied to identify winter and drought resistance by the nature of flowering. The assessment of the influence of the state of the environment on the stability of fruiting of the varietal diversity of subtropical (Zizyphus) and nut crops (Corylus) was carried out by the method of cluster analysis. Results and scope. Within the limits of artificial and natural habitats, the following are determined: ecological plasticity and reproductive ability of shrubs, taking into account climatic conditions. During the study period, severely arid (2010, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019) and hydrologically favorable (2014, 2016, 2018) conditions for the growth and development of introduced shrubs were identified. The stability of morphological parameters of Corylus L. fruits by absolute values was established. In favorable years, the plants of Cherkesskiy-2 were characterized by good fruiting (full-value fruits about 75 %), other varieties are inferior in terms of fruiting stability. Fruiting is satisfactory (about 50 % of full fruit). It has been established that small-fruited plant varieties Z. jujubа on chestnut soils have a good quality index from 66.1 to 97.2 %. Medium fruit varieties had a low (28.4–42.6 %) indicator of good quality. The lowest (4.5–9.8%) indicator of good quality was observed in Ta-yang-tszao, Yuzhanin (large-fruited). The data obtained on the characteristics of the fruiting of shrubs Z. jujuba, C. pontica make it possible to substantiate stress-resistant varieties as components of multipurpose artificial plantations on degraded lands. Scientific novelty: A cluster analysis of the assessment and forecast of the parameters of fruiting for the targeted selection of promising economically important plants based on their ecological plasticity in arid conditions is proposed.

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