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Human spermatozoal RNA features special characteristics such as a significantly reduced quantity within spermatozoa compared with somatic cells is described as being devoid of ribosomal RNAs and is difficult to isolate due to a massive excess of genomic DNA in the lysates. Using a novel two-round column-based protocol for human ejaculates delivering highly purified spermatozoal RNA, we uncovered a heterogeneous, but specific banding pattern in microelectrophoresis with 28S ribosomal RNA being indicative for the amount of round cell contamination. Ejaculates with different round cell quantities and density-purified spermatozoa revealed that 18S rRNA but not 28S rRNA is inherent to a pure spermatozoal fraction. Transmission electron microscopy showed monoribosomes and polyribosomes in spermatozoal cytoplasm, while immunohistochemical results suggest the presence of proteins from small and large ribosomal subunits in retained spermatozoal cytoplasm irrespective of 28S rRNA absence.

In recent publications we have demonstrated that laparoscopic electrocautery of the ovarian surface (LEOS) is an effective method to reduce serum androgen concentrations, normalizing ovarian cycle length and the ovarian reaction to hormonal stimulation therapy in anovulatory patients with polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD). In this paper we show that these effects are not only temporary. Data from 206 patients undergoing LEOS and monitored for up to 72 months after surgery are evaluated; 145 patients achieved a total of 211 conceptions, giving a pregnancy rate of 70%, with a maximum of four conceptions in one patient. There were 38 early miscarriages (18%) and two late pregnancy losses as well as three ectopic implantations.

We present a new touch-free technique for trapping, positioning and selecting human spermatozoa. This can be done in free solution (culture medium) by high-frequency electric fields. Ultramicroelectrodes fabricated by photo- and electron-beam lithography on quartz and glass substrates were used to create field cages or long field channels. If the conductivity of the external salt solution is higher than the average value of sperm cell conductivity, negative polarization and negative dielectrophoresis occur. As a result, the induced cell polarization leads to forces repelling spermatozoa from the electrodes towards the field minimum. Using four planar electrodes a field funnel can be formed in which an individual spermatozoon is retarded while swimming. The same can be done more effectively in three-dimensional cages created by an octopole electrode system. In these systems, rapidly swimming spermatozoa could be trapped for several seconds but some spermatozoa stop moving if exposed to field strengths of more than 500 V/cm at frequencies in the MHz range. However, in stripwise and interdigitated electrodes, rapidly swimming sperm cells could be very well positioned in front of a break-electrode by a combination of electric field trapping and field induced laminar fluid streaming. This technique can be applied to bring individual spermatozoa to a defined position for characterization followed by sampling with capillaries.