Bionanoparticles are naturally produced entities that are of nanometre dimension. Viruses like cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV), tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), adenovirus, ferritin, and enzyme complexes exemplify these systems, with their precise arrangements of tens to hundreds of molecules into highly organised scaffolds for nucleic acid packaging, metal storage, catalysis or sequestering reactions at the nanometre scale. The purification method involves an efficient tangential flow filtration (TFF), diafiltration and various chromatographic techniques. The bionanoparticles are characterised by using the transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and various spectrophotometric methods. One promising medical application of nanotechnology is the targeted delivery of pharmaceuticals to specific cells within an organism under minimisation of adverse effects for the remaining cells by nanoscale carriers. The branch of bionanotechnology in which naturally occurring nanoparticles are modified and manipulated for various applications is a rich and newly emerging field of research.

Cubeba Officinalis is traditionally effective in the treatment of various kidney ailments, and the main adverse effect of tacrolimus is nephrotoxicity. There is no documented evidence about the ameliorative potential of Cubeba Officinalis in tacrolimus induced nephrotoxicity. The main endeavor of the study was to determine the nephroprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Cubeba Officinalis dried fruits against tacrolimus induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. The Cubeba Officinalis dried fruits were collected from the local market, and Male albino rats weighing 200-250 g were used for the study. The dose of is lower 200mg/kg, higher dose 400 mg/kg of test drug (EECO) was used, and silymarin is used as the standard at the dose of 20 mg/kg. The animals were divided into five groups, six animals each, which is started prior to oral administration of tacrolimus and continued with the fourteen days tacrolimus treatment. After the whole period of study, the rats were sacrificed, and histopathological studies and biochemical estimations were carried out. The BUN values  were decreased from 33.60±3.84 in nephrotoxic rats to 28.27±2.48 (200mg/kg) and 20.70±0.81 (400mg/kg),creatinine levels from 1.645±0.21 to 0.926±0.19 (200mg/kg) and 0.638±0.07(400 mg/kg),uric acid levels from 1.822±0.249 to 1.092±0.306 (200 mg/kg) and 0.806±0.181 (400 mg/kg) sodium, potassium and chloride levels from 1.607± 0.091, 2.548± 0.293 and 259.8±6.42 to 1.302± 0.169 , 1.023±0.174 and 134.7±9.138 (200mg/kg of EECO) and 0.586±0.092 , 0.831±0.174 and 130.2±2.29 (400mg/kg of EECO). The Ethanolic extract of cubeba officinalis was found to be effective in treating the nephrotoxicity in tacrolimus induced nephrotoxicity.