Background: By the end of university, the proportion of medical students with chronic diseases usually increases while physical activity and fitness decrease. Objective: To assess physical development of final-year medical university students and clinical residents. Materials and methods: We have assessed physical health of 16 final-year medical students and 14 first-year medical residents (20.0 % and 25.0 % of the sample population in 2019–2022, respectively). We measured body height, weight, chest circumference, leading hand force, lung capacity, hemodynamic parameters at rest, after exercise and recovery and the mean dynamic pressure in all study participants. We also estimated Quetelet, Pignet, and Robinson indices and those of force, vitality, endurance, and functional changes. In addition, we assessed living conditions, nutrition, and daily energy expenditures of the young people. Results: We established that, under conditions of an organized team, a regulated mode of learning and a high calorie intake, two students (12.5 %) were overweight while the number of overweight residents was six (42.9 %), which was probably related to changes in the lifestyle, nutrition, and daily routine. Estimation of the body mass index showed that 10 (62.5 %) students and 11 (78.6 %) residents were overweight and obese. A more positive body build index among the residents was attributed to a higher number of overweight subjects and confirmed by strength and vital indices and chest circumference measurements. We revealed more considerable preclinical shifts in the health status of the residents in terms of the functional state of the cardiovascular system (diastolic blood pressure at rest and after exercise, heart rate and diastolic blood pressure after exercise, mean dynamic pressure after a period of rest, endurance coefficient, Robinson index) and the index of functional changes. Conclusions: Changes in the synergistic factors of learning and lifestyle of medical residents at the beginning of their professional career cause more significant preclinical alterations in the body compared with students, which necessitates raising their awareness of a healthy lifestyle.

Sports activities have a positive effect on health, the assimilation of knowledge by students. In order period, KEC had significantly lower values than before taking the product. This testified to the lower costs of the body for the movement of blood volume in the vascular bed, which means that the body was more heavily saturated with substances for its restoration. A tendency towards an increase in the Kerdo vegetative index was determined, which indicated an increase in nutrient anabolism. The research actualizes the need for medical and pedagogical support of sports activities among students to achieve a training effect and a positive impact on their health.

A comparative assessment of the physical development of students of two groups of 30 people (the first at the beginning of training, the second - after 2 years) was carried out at a military university. Anthropometric (body length and weight, chest circumference at rest, on inhalation and exhalation) and physimetric (hand strength, lung capacity (VC), heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic pressure (SBP, DBP)) parameters were assessed . Calculated body mass index, index of functional changes. Daily energy expenditure was 3117.7±34.0 kcal, the energy value of the diet was 3081.1±75.1 kcal/day. Body weight at the beginning of training was lower by 2.7 kg (p=0.001), chest excursion by 4.9 cm (p=0.001), VC by 90.0 ml (p=0.01), heart rate less by 4, 6 beats/min (p=0.02), SBP over 4.8 per mm Hg. (p=0.01). According to individual data, more than one third of the persons of group No. 1 had hand strength in the range of 40-49 kg, in the main share - in the range from 50 to 55 kg, in a tenth part - in the range of more than 56-60 kg. In group 2, the proportion of persons with minimal hand strength differed by almost two times, and with the maximum - by 2.3 times. In group No. 1, in 16.6% of overweight individuals, BMI fluctuated in the range of 25.5÷27.7 units; in group No. 2 in 13.3% in the range of 25.02÷25.8 units. Growth and dynamics of body weight, muscle strength indicated an increase in active body weight and a decrease in the fat component. Organized life, nutrition, daily routine and the involvement of students in sports sections contribute to the development of physical qualities, increasing the adaptive capabilities of the body (the proportion of people with satisfactory adaptation is 4 times higher, functional stress is 1.6 times lower).

Assessment of weather and climate conditions is significant for many aspects of life and activities of the population of the country and individual territories. The bioclimatic comfort of the city of Nizhny Novgorod was assessed by the wind cooling index and the equivalent effective temperature at various combinations of temperature and wind speed: average values, average temperature and maximum wind, minimum temperature and average wind, minimum temperature and maximum wind. A wavy annual dynamics of air humidity has been established: the minimum in April, increasing towards December. The highest values of the minimum, average and maximum positive temperature in July (from 13.4±0.60С to 25.0±1.10С), the lowest — in February (from –11.9±3.10С to — 5.7±1.80C). Average wind 2.6±0.2 (August) — 4.1±2.0 m / s (November); maximum 4.7±0.2 (July) — 7.7±0.7 m / s (November and February). The duration of the period, estimated as a «cold environment», from 5 to 9 months. With average temperatures and winds, there is no risk of hypothermia for a seasonally dressed person. With minimum temperatures and maximum winds, there is a risk of hypothermia during the winter months. According to the equivalent effective temperature, optimal conditions were created only in the summer months. With average temperature and wind conditions were assessed as «cold» in March ( — 11.1±2.10С), «very cold» in December ( —19.4±0.80С) and in January ( — 20.9±1.30С); in February — and as a «threat of frostbite» ( — 22.0±2.40C). Under the influence of the minimum temperature and maximum wind, the health risk, assessed as «very cold» and «threat of frostbite», was determined in November-March. Assessment of the weather and climate conditions of the environment in the city according to the generally accepted method has a less pronounced degree of discomfort than the extreme values of physical factors. This must be taken into account when carrying out work in an open area at night, and when planning meetings for city guests when visiting it on excursions and other events.

Background: In the right dose, physical activity can bring health benefits. Objectives: To assess indicators of health and physical development of students engaged in amateur sports. Materials and methods: The study involved 30 male students aged 23.8 ± 0.3 years. We established their daily energy expenditures, integral indices characterizing their physical development, such as body weight, Pignet, strength, vitality, and Kerdo vegetative indices, endurance rate, circulatory efficiency, and the index of functional changes. We also analyzed cardiovascular system parameters including heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest, after exercise and after exercise recovery. Results of the biochemical blood test taken the next morning after workout were used to evaluate the status of functions and systems of the body. Results: Energy expenditures amounted to 3,665.5 ± 37.3 kcal. Students were physically strong, their functional capabilities of the respiratory system and adaptation to sports (according to the activity of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system) were found satisfactory while their physical activity was assessed as high (hard work). In the body, catabolic processes prevailed, and the level of cortisol exceeding the norm in 50.0 % of the subjects indicated stress. Inadequacy of physical exercises was evidenced by the index of functional changes (in 57.7 % of the students adaptation was in the state of functional stress); reaction of the cardiovascular system (endurance and heart rates, circulatory efficiency, creatine kinase MB, troponin-1, ALT, and LDH); increased erythropoiesis; hormonal changes (cortisol, testosterone); changes in the metabolism of proteins (total protein, urea, uric acid), fats (total cholesterol, high- and low-density lipoproteins), and hormones (cortisol, testosterone); signs of an early stage of anemia (erythrocytes, total protein, ferritin). Conclusion: The use of the methodology for assessing the functional status of the human body by integral and biochemical criteria during recovery period after exercise enables pre-nosology diagnostics and prevention of health disorders during active sports.