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Refuting hydrocarbon feedstocks at huge refineries, as was done in the past, has not always proven to be the right course in the new market economy, because of the massive capital investments, the large expense of shipping the feedstock and products back and forth, and losses during transportation. Also, there is the risk of large-scale pipeline accidents, which can dump dangerous petroleum products into the environment.Locating refinery installations close to feedstock locations, decreasing the size of the installations to the requirements of the region and specific enterprises, and using modular construction has sharply reduced capital expenditures, construction time, and the time to bring the installations on line.Small-scale installations were developed abroad at the end of the 1960s. In the USA, they were used for the industrial and economic development of Alaska. Several well-known European firms work in this area. In Russia, small-scale installations have been developed by the TsKBN Company, the l~nergomash Scientific Production Association, the Neftegaztekhnologiya Company, the BeMnergomash Company, et al. At the same time, few bother with integrated refining to the final productbitumen. In some cases, universal primary distilleries do not consider the properties of the various feedstock types, which reduces the cost of mass-producing these installations, but sharply reduces their technical and economic performance, as well as product quality.Since 1994, the science and engineering center of the Kuban'gazprom enterprise has specialized in developing an integrated system to refine hydrocarbon feedstock, mainly ga s condensates, all the way to bitumen.Gas condensates have several physicochemical properties that differentiate them from petroleum. For example, they have dissolved gas concentrations several times higher than petroleum. Also, they have a much wider range of light products. Condensates from several fields contain large amounts of aromatic hydrocarbons, which are valuable for producing gasoline. These properties of gas condensates must be considered in designing technology to refine them.Experience in operating small-scale refineries was used to formulate the main requirements for new refineries: simple, reliable, and repairable construction; modular design, which allows them to be delivered to the operation site; no pretreatment systems to prepare the raw feedstocks for refining; reliable and repairable control, measuring, and automation equipment; consideration of climatic condkions; and provision for reliable quality control of the output.However, elimination of pretreatment systems significantly increased the cost of the installations. Calculations showed that corrosion inhibitors should be used, and failing equipment should be replaced every 5-10 years.Supplemental purification units should be used to improve the quality of the final product. The capacity is chosen in a range of 2,000-25,000 ton/yr. The assortment of the refined products depends on the type of feedstock and its fractional co...

This article discusses the problems of transmission of liquefied natural gas through a non-pressure pipeline from a stationary storage facility to a transport cryogenic tank and ways to solve them. Theoretical studies have been carried out, including mathematical modeling of thermal and hydrodynamic processes during the transmission of liquefied natural gas through a pipeline by a non-pressure method.