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Methods of refining transformations such as specialization, interpretation, concretization, and implementation of a generalized constructive-production structure are proposed. It is shown how to use these methods to construct grammatical constructive-production structures, which are analogs of well-known grammars, their modifications, and grammar-like systems. Different types of formal grammars are analyzed and synthesized.

A structural approach to modelling algorithms is proposed. The concept of an algorithmic structure with operations over algorithms is introduced. Models of algorithms constructed from algorithmic structures reflect aspects of algorithm representation and execution. Examples of structural and path models of algorithms are considered.Keywords: algorithmic structure, model of an algorithm, structure of an algorithm, operation over algorithms, composition of algorithms.

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proving the tools of constructive modeling. The constructed model of the processes of optimal making-and breaking-up of trains allows obtaining a new form of implementation of these technological processes of railway transport.