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Abstract. The fundamental system of criteria for strong and weak polarization responses of ordered objects and systems is considered. It is shown that the weak responses have important properties of linearity (proportionality) and additivity. As an example, the responses of magnetically ordered materials, optical crystals and ensembles of magnetic nanoparticles are considered. When scanning laser probing of the modified leucosapphire crystals, oscillations of weak polarization responses in laser radiation scattered on texture of crystals are recorded. Investigations of magnetic fluids polarization responses have shown their high sensitivity to introduction of coagulating impurities and to processes of agglomeration of magnetic nanoparticles.

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Nanocrystalline powders of magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAl 2 O 4 ) have been produced, and their morphological and structural properties have been studied. A comparative analysis of spinel samples synthesized by different liquid-phase methods has been carried out. Hot uniaxial pressing has been used to fabricate ceramic samples of spinel 15 mm in diameter and up to 2 mm thick.