<p><em>Atocion lithuanicum</em> (Zapał.) Tzvel. (basionym <em>Silene</em><em> </em><em>lithuanica</em> Zapał.) is an endemic species of the Polesie, related and morphologically similar to <em>A. armeria </em>(L.) Raf.<em>, </em>which naturally occurs in Central and Southern Europe, but is widely cultivated. In Ukraine <em>A. lithuanicum</em> is considered as separate species and included in different issues of nature conservation, but in Europe it is listed as synonym or variety of <em>A. armeria</em>. Thus, the purpose of our investigation was to examine micromorphological features of these taxa to distinguish them. Pollen grains, seeds and leaf surfaces of both <em>Atocion</em><em> </em><em>lithuanicum</em> and <em>A. armeria</em> (L.) Raf. were investigated by scanning electron microscopy.</p> <p>Palynological distinctions between these taxa are associated with the ultrastructure of pollen grains, such as margin of a pollen (smooth or undulate), diameter of pores (3,04-5,22 (3,96±0,57) or 2,62-4,15 (3,47±0,32) µm), microechinate number on the pore (11-20 (25) or 7-14), exine ornamentation (acute, broadly conical spinule or obtuse spinule) and perforation diameter (0,1 or 0,2-0,3 µm).</p> <p>Seed characteristics such as dimensions (350-570 х 450-630 (468,78±49,2 х 544,84±51,39) in <em>A. lithuanicum</em> or 480-670 х 600-800 (595,67±48,04 х 706,67± 50,26) µm in <em>A. armeria</em>), shape (reniform-circular or reniform-triangular and reniform-circular), dimensions of exotesta cells in distal row (69-160 х 13-28,6 (116,52±21,9 х 20,72±3,99) or 95,6-202,7 х 7,8-40,5 (143,31±27,3 х 28,76±5,05) µm), the number of anticlinal wall teeth (15-24 or 19-29), papilla presence on periclinal wall of lateral and dorsal surfaces (common absent or scarce weakly expressed in <em>A. lithuanicum</em> or usually strongly expressed in <em>A. armeria</em>) also differ these taxa.</p> <p>Epicuticular wax projections are of different size and shape even on the same lamina, so no significant differences in the leaf surface microcharacteristics were observed.</p> <p>Thereby, new micromorphological distinctions associated with the ultrastructure of pollen grains and the seeds were demonstrated, which allows to distinguish these taxa.</p> <p><em>Key words: </em><em>Atocion</em><em> </em><em>lithuanicum</em><em>, </em><em>A. armeria, </em><em>S</em><em>ЕМ, </em><em>pollen, seed, lamina</em></p>

Silene sytnikii Krytzka, Novosad et Protopopova is a local endemic species of the Ukrainian flora, which sometimes is considered as a synonym to the S. frivaldszkyana Hampe from the Balkans and is related to the widespread species S. chlorantha (Willd.) Ehrh. The aim of the present study is to investigate micromorphological features of seeds, pollen grains and leaf surface ultrastructure of foregoing species and make a comparison. Both light and scanning electron microscopy were used in the study. S. sytnikii and S. frivaldszkyana are slightly different in the size of exotesta cells and their anticlinal teeth in distal row of seeds, pollen diameter and microechinate number on the pore, size of leaf spinule, epidermal cells and stomata. S. chlorantha significantly differs from them by smaller seeds and exotesta cells, and also longer leaf spinules. Thus, S. sytnikii and S. frivaldszkyana are quite similar in their micromorphology, while S. chlorantha is clearly distinct from them.

No abstract

In conditions of financial instability, changes in the socio-economic situation of the population are observed. The article presents the main indicators that characterize the socioeconomic situation of the population of the Belgorod region in 2019 in comparison with a number of previous years. An important characteristic of the socio-economic situation of the population is the dynamics of the population. The population indicator is multi-faceted, as it reflects the impact of many socioeconomic factors. Its value is affected not only by the birth rate, but also by mortality, as well as by the migration growth of the population. Life expectancy depends not only on the biological characteristics of a person, but also on the living conditions, and this is the quality of food, the level of medical care, the nature of work and rest, and many other factors. The transformation of the economic behavior of households as a natural reaction to the changed living conditions can be observed in the form of naturalization of rural households. Such a dropout of their members from the sphere of social production can be considered negative, at the same time, the development of individual entrepreneurship and farms is a positive phenomenon. A significant role in the study of the standard of living in our country belongs to sociological studies conducted by Rosstat and various research organizations, including annual monitoring of the socio-economic situation of the population at the regional level. The analysis of statistical information is performed using. In the course of the analysis of socio-economic factors, it is possible to apply specific, atypical indicators for Russian models. These indicators include the proportion of people who do not change their place of residence for a certain period of time; the dynamics of real estate prices; the time it takes to get to work; demographic indicators of a particular area; the number of housing units, indicators of the use of agricultural land. Thus, strategic changes in the economic behavior of the population in the markets occur as a result of the transformation of values, institutions and organizations. Keywords-socio-economic situation of the population, demographic indicators of the Belgorod region, the structure of income and consumption of the population.

Secondary structures of ITS1 and ITS2 transcripts of Atocion hypanicum (Klokov) Tzvelev and A. compactum (Fisch. ex Hornem.) Tzvelev were reconstructed. The presence of a unique nucleotide substitution in fourth helix of A. hypanicum ITS1 transcript, which lead to a disturbance in the secondary structure of the helix, strongly supported it as a separate operational taxonomic unit. The lack of CBC in obtained sequences of ITS2 from A. hypanicum and A. compactum confirmed the absence of genetic barriers for the taxa crossing. Phenotypical distinctions between A. hypanicum and A. compactum from Caucasus associated with bracts and the morphology of the uppermost leaves are demonstrated. The separate species status of A. hypanicum was confirmed.