No abstract

Aim.The presented study aims to describe and analyze major opinions regarding the economic, lobbying, and geopolitical aspects of defense budget formation.Tasks.The authors qualitatively and quantitatively assess the impact of economic, geopolitical, and lobbying factors on the level of Russian military spending.Methods. This study uses general scientific methods of cognition to examine the effects of economic, geopolitical, and lobbying factors on the level of Russian military spending in various aspects.Results.Currently, there is uncertainty in assessing the impact of economic and geopolitical factors, as well as lobbying, on the level of military spending. However, it can be concluded that while the factor of lobbying for the interests of companies increases the level of military spending unilaterally, the interaction between the economy and military security is assessed by scientists as negative, positive, or neutral. A certain level of defense spending is established by balancing the influence of economic, geopolitical, and lobbying factors. At the same time, the capability to significantly “boost” defense spending is a distinctive feature of geopolitical factors.Conclusions.In today’s relatively calm geopolitical environment, the level of Russian defense spending stands at 65-75 billion US dollars (2.5–4.0% of GNI). However, geopolitical factors can raise the level of military spending to 300 billion dollars per year or even higher (20% of GNI and more). According to rough estimates based on data on the formation of US military spending, lobbying influences about 10% of defense spending.

Due to the growing concern about workplace stress, there are more and more publications on psychosocial stress in the workplace and its negative health effects. This article examines the results of research over the past 20 years concerning the assessment of stress in software developers. A qualitative analysis of 684 publications was conducted to assess the relationship between work stress and mental and physical health, as well as the impact of measures to reduce stress in the workplace on the effectiveness of IT product development processes and the formation of project teams. Based on the use of a flexible logical-heuristic method, the key risk factors for the development of stress in IT workers are identified. There are four groups of factors that determine the degree of risk of industrial stress: the working environment, working conditions, the organization of processes and individual qualities. The most significant factors are: heavy workload, job stability, work schedule, vision problems, emotional intelligence.

No abstract

The presented study examines the problems of creating demand for the civilian products of the Russian defense industry in the current context of macroeconomic instability and new challenges.Aim. The study aims to identify the problems of creating demand for the civilian and dual-use products of Russian defense enterprises in the current context and to analyze foreign and Russian experience in solving these problems.Tasks. The authors examine priority directions for the “civilian” diversification of Russian defense enterprises, the goals and objectives to achieve them, analyze problems at the current stage of diversification, explore the international experience of diversification, offer directions for the improvement of the process of creating demand for the products of the Russian defense industry in the face of new challenges, particularly the coronavirus pandemic.Methods. The methodological basis of this study includes the systems and institutional approaches, methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison and analogy.Results. It is shown that at this stage of “civilian” diversification of Russian defense enterprises, not all branches and enterprises of the Russian defense industry have reached their goals, reoriented production, produced competitive products and sold them. Under modern conditions, the main problem of expanding the output of civilian and dual-use products by domestic defense enterprises is the complexity of the output and leadership of civilian products of the Russian defense industry. The authors prove that enhancing the competitiveness of the dual-use and civilian products of defense enterprises through the implementation of innovative potential in domestic practice and its leadership in both domestic and foreign markets is becoming a prerequisite for efficient diversification in the context of new challenges.Conclusions. The study substantiates that “civilian” diversification in domestic practice under modern conditions requires a differentiated approach to the enterprises and branches of the Russian defense industry as regards creating demand for civilian and dual-use products from the government and business, with allowance for foreign experience and new challenges.