No abstract

Biosensor technologies is an interdisciplinary science related to the development of biological and information sciences, based on the creation of devices with biocomputing components forming neural network structures, also used for the identification of animals. (Research purpose) The aim of the study is studying and structuring information on the use of biosensor devices and systems in livestock, find the possibilities for subsequent introduction into industry’s practice through effective engineering solutions of pattern recognition, adaptive management of animal behavior, etc. (Materials and methods) We have used methods of collection, study, systematization, analysis of scientific information obtained from livestock practices, expert assessments made in accordance with the technological regulations of the scientific-and- technical funds, patent and license sources, innovative developments of leading manufacturers of machinery and equipment for the beef cattle identification. (Results and discussion) Theory and practice of biosensor science in animal-based biomedical research proved that a balanced, workable system of biosensor control reaches the value of 1,0 e10 - 1,0 e12 of individual cells-sensors. The pulse time of the neuron of 2-5 milliseconds is enough for evaluation of the animal’s habitus, as well as speed of movement, body temperature. It is possible to determine information about the physiological condition of the animal: rut, fatness, location or identity of animal, quality of sperm, embryos, authenticity of origin and other parameters on selected DNA samples by using smart laser and ultrasonic biosensors that transmit these data to smart chips. The article shows that the linear biological parameters of the object obtained with the sensors can be converted by calculation into nonlinear ones, with further telemetry transmission of information to the animal’s biochip and stationary receiving software device. Biocalculation devices are able to calculate and control the change in live weight of animals of different breeds up to 6 months of age, adjusted for the variability of the trait. It was found that the coefficient of variation Cv reaches 1.5-2.5 percent, and as the animal grows, it reaches of 15-18 percent. (Conclusion) The solution of engineering problems in animal husbandry with the help of biosensors and sensors of a new generation depends on the biochemical nature of the recognition element (its action algorithm can be calculated). Biocomputing devices are capable not only to accept, but also to count and to control various parameters of animals. The use of engineering biosensor intelligent systems and neurocybernetic in animal husbandry expands the possibilities of the industry, makes them attractive to the manufacturer and gives a great economic effect.

The article examines the influence of domestic feed dispensers’ technical characteristics on the quality of preparing various types of feed for beef cattle breeding. Among the studied options for preparation and distribution of feed for beef cattle are mixer-feeders, which in the form of mobile trailers, trailers, semitrailers and stationary installations are universal transport and technological means for crushing, mixing, unloading various types of feed and feed mixtures: long-fiber green mass, silage, haylage, loose and pressed hay, straw, briquetted, wet and frozen fodder. Domestic feed dispensers are suitable for mixing various feed components into homogeneous (95-98%) grain mixtures, technical specialized feed mixtures, etc., with automated electronic weighing systems, control of the quantity and quality of feed, with the production of feed fraction up to 10 mm and taking into account the requirements for humidity. The models have options for the injection of liquid components: water, oils, vitamins, etc. The main structures of the feed dispensers are horizontal and vertical, for processing ingredients with a density of 300-500 kg/m3 into a loose mass without loss of nutritional value. The volume of the bunkers varies from 3 to 20 m3; dimensions of various modifications of the model range are approximately the same: width 1.5-2.3 m, length 3.5-7.7 m, height 1.7-3.2 m. The average weight of horizontal models is 12.5% more than vertical. Horizontal feed mixers are designed for the preparation of protein mineral and vitamin supplements and compound feeds, vertical feed mixers for the main ration. Components - loose, dry, wet, liquid and heavy ones - are prepared in a mixture as a percentage in accordance with the recipe. Premixes, bran, cake, grain meal are also used as fillers.

IT-information technologies play a crucial role in the animals breeding value of different breeding, production, morphological, physiological and other livestock groups determining on operation farms. All of these groups are genetic (30 %-in countries with highly developed dairy cattle breeding, 5-25 % in herds of Russia) and technological reserves of milk production. Particularly its exploitation allows to create financial flows that determine the milk production success and farm's future prospects. The main objective of selection is economics, so livestock owner supports those milk production areas on his farm that give optimum profits. There are at the milk production a lot of such areas: feeding, keeping, excess or lack of staff, etc., Our research, based on experimental data (n=25000) and the literature review had showed that the main of them is the genotype of the animal, so as the low-productive cattle overfeeding doesn't contribute more additional milk to obtain. The genotype influence is determined by technological, social, financial and other factors that allows to create a harmonious system of their interrelation (r=0,01-0,9). Our researches had allowed to find a model that combines seemingly incompatible factors, and in the individual breeding programs form for the qualitative and quantitative genetics successful application regularities with the dominance of the latter, on small and medium-sized milk production enterprises it to apply.

The use of inbred and homozygous sires reduces the share of variability in the biodiversity of the population when it occurs under uncontrolled management, which leads to a decrease in the heritability of the trait. Studying the features of the consequences of inbreeding of sires helps to make their evaluation on the quality of off spring more informative, because as a result of related mating, the genetic structure of the population changes. If a selection with the genotypes of an inbred sire, heterozygous for two aabb loci of body traits, is applied to a certain group of cows, then quantitative traits in the off spring will determine milk productivity. Positive variants should be considered omozygotes, in which dominance is manifested, and heterozygotes, i. e. approximately 70 % of off spring. The probability (frequency) of their appearance is high and one can count on a favorable combination of genes in off spring from inbred and homozygous sires, if the maternal population is heterozygous in terms of physique, which are associated with the level of manifestation of milk productivity. In the breeding herd of Holstein breed, the system of intra-linear selections and crosses of homo- and heterozygous sires revealed the disparity of milk yield increases, the mass fraction of fat and protein in milk in daughters relative to mothers. The superiority in the total yield of milk protein and fat for 305 days of the fi rst lactation of the group of daughters from intraline mating and homozygous sires over mothers was 82,6 (p < 0,01) and 112,9 kg (p < 0,01), respectively. The highest total rank according to the complex of breeding traits was assigned to the daughters of homozygous sires and then according to the increase in the indices of the genetic value of the traits of lactation, the group B was followed by the group derived at the crosses of the lines.