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The fourth industrial revolution presents an upspring opportunity for the African continent to adopt technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, internet-enabled industrial platforms, 3D printing, robotics, nanotechnology, and blockchains. This is more so because the past three industrial revolutions saw the African continent being left out of its opportunities despite its affluent population and natural resources. Africa stands to benefit from industrial development, digitalization, and greater integration, which would result in more excellent opportunities for the growing youthful populations. However, for the digital transformation strategy and other key industry 4.0 opportunities to be successful, reliable infrastructure, affordable and stable electricity, and greater awareness are critical and imperative. This review examines the possible energy options that the continent of Africa can explore and implement for the successful deployment of Industry 4.0. The impact, difficulties, and opportunities of the fourth industrial revolution technologies on African development are discussed. Also discussed are various forms of renewable energy options based on Africa’s geographic location. This review will assist researchers and policymakers in implementing Industry 4.0 in Africa.

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Vanadium dioxide (VO2) and many binary compounds of vanadium can transform from a semiconducting state to a metallic state under the influence of temperature or light. The transformation is triggered by modifications in the oxide's crystalline structure, often initiated by changes in its light-sensing and electrical attributes. This ability makes them suitable for smart coatings, electronic switches, self-cleaning surfaces, window glass, and many more. These potential applications have prompted tremendous interest in VO2thin films, focusing on their fabrication and application. This article reviews current fabrication methods for VO2thin films, the potential application of their thermochromic and photochromic properties in self-cleaning coatings, the challenges facing their application, and some remedies devised to address the challenges. The various challenges facing its different synthesis and fabrication methods are also highlighted. First, the different transitional phases of VO2and routes to transform from one stage to the other are presented.