The salivary chromosomes of the l(3)tl mutant of D. melanogaster are considerably thicker and shorter than those of normal larvae. In most nuclei, chromosome shortening is associated with morphological changes of two types. a) The bands lose their distinctive pattern and become loose. The chromosome appears as a granular mass. In extreme cases pompon-like chromosomes arise. Most frequently male X-chromosomes undergo such changes and begin to shorten as early as in the middle of third larval instar. "Pompon" transformation is not associated with a change in the relative intensity of RNA synthesis: the ratio of silver grain number over the male X-chromosome to that over regions 61A-63F is the same in pompon-like l(3)tl chromosomes and in the male and female X-chromosomes of the normal lines. b) Shortened chromosomes occassionally retain distinct band organization and, in these cases, chromosome shortening is observed to be due to the condensation of the chromatin of many puffs and interbands resulting in the fusion of a large number of bands into "new" chromatin blocks. In regions of fused bands, transcriptional activity is decreased as compared with regions where this union does not occur. The chromosomes of l(3)tl larvae lack ecdysone-stimulated puffs and other prominent puffs. In 144-192 hour larvae, puffs can be induced by ecdysone and until 384 hours by temperature shock. The capacity of puff induction decreases with larval age.

The textbook presents the main al-gorithms of forming General Practi-tioner’s competence in diagnostics, treatment, dispensary observation, working ability examination, reha-bilitation of the patients with respira-tory, cardiovascular, digestive dis-eases and psychosomatic disorders. The contents of the textbook con-form to the Federal State Education-al Standard for the Major 31.05.01 «General Medicine». Target au-dience: university medical students

Emergency treatment is an independent area of medicine. The main direction of emergency treatment is the relief of dangerous and severe manifestations of the disease in most cases with a lack of time and little information about the patient, which forces the doctors to carry out the treatment syndromically. In practice, the doctor often faces acute diseases that require emergency treatment. The success of this therapy depends primarily on the timeliness and correctness of the established diagnosis. Diagnostics of emergency conditions is one of the most important and crucial tasks of a practical doctor. The same syndrome can be caused, as is well known, by various painful conditions and acts in some cases as the main manifestation of the disease, and in others, as a complication of a long-existing pathological process. For differential diagnosis, it is necessary to clearly orientate within multiple symptoms of both common and less studied nosological forms. The doctor conducting urgent measures to rescue the patient must possess many practical skills, have broad knowledge and ability to quickly navigate within the situation, carry out differential diagnostics and determine the tactics of patient management at the pre-hospital stage. This methodic manual describes the most common urgent syndromes: acute respiratory failure, acute cardio-vascular insufficiency, chest pain, coma and acute pulmonary and gastrointestinal bleeding, etc. Briefly, data on the diseases and pathological conditions causing the development of a particular syndrome are given, their clinical presentation, etiology and pathogenesis, as well as the most characteristic changes detected by conventional laboratories and instrumental studies are covered. The main focus of the authors was given to the algorithm of doctor’s actions in providing emergency care, taking into account modern standards. All this knowledge is the most important component of the qualifications of the future doctor of any specialty.

Questions of the organization of rheumatological assistance to the population of Russia concerned the advanced medical community since the beginning of the last century. The last quarter of the XX century was marked by the development of new classifications of rheumatic diseases, which approved the grouping of those nosological forms in them, which are really close to the predominant lesion of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue, the systemic nature of the pathological process characteristic of these diseases, the frequent family genetic predisposition, the incidence of female persons, etc. So, in the International classification of diseases and causes of death (ICD-X revision of the who 1990). XIII class is designated as a disease of the skeletal system and connective tissue and covers the inflammatory arthropathies and arthrosis systemic connective tissue diseases, including systemic vasculitis, dorsopathies, osteopathy and chondropathy. The need to combine these diseases was dictated on the one hand, purely practical tasks of timely diagnosis of numerous similar clinical manifestations of diseases and differential therapy, and on the other — the understanding of the social significance of pathology. In the last 50 years, the state system of anti-rheumatic service has been established, providing highly specialized assistance to numerous patients with rheumatic diseases. Work of polyclinic and stationary links of the state help to numerous adult patients with rheumatic diseases is regulated by the order "on measures for improvement of the organization of rheumatological medical care to the population of the Russian Federation" (27.06.2007); it was approved and directed for implementation to all subjects of the Russian Federation. The previous manual was published in 2004 and quickly sold (Fundamentals of clinical rheumatology. Under the editorship of Professor V. G. Lychev. – Moscow: Medical book, N. Novgorod: publishing house of the ngma, 2004). This manual is a revised, revised and expanded edition based, inter alia, on the material of the national guide to rheumatology (Rheumatology: national guide. Edited by E. L. Nasonov, V. A. Nasonova M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2008.), standards and clinical guidelines for the management of patients with rheumatological diseases, as well as taking into account the new Federal state standard of higher professional medical education.