We explore the analogy between quark confinement and the Meissner effect in superconductors. We measure the response of color-magnetic "supercurrents" from Dirac magnetic monopoles to the presence of a static quark-antiquark pair in fourdimensional U(1) lattice gauge theory. Our results indicate that in the confined phase these currents screen the color-electric flux due to the quarks in an electric analogy of the Meissner effect. We show that U(1) lattice gauge theory obeys both a dual London equation and an electric fluxoid quantization condition.12.38. Aw, 11.15.Ha, 74.30.ci, 74.60.Ec Typeset Using REVTEX 1

We report detailed calculations of the profiles of energy and action densities in the quarkantiquark string in SU(2) lattice gauge theory. We conclude that at B q-q separation R sz 1.0 fm we are beginning to see the asymptotic flux tube. By employing the Michael sum rules we further conclude that the peak energy density approaches a constant in R.

We calculate the electric flux and magnetic monopole current distribution in the presence of a static quark-antiquark pair for SU(2) lattice gauge theory in the maximal Abelian gauge. The current distribution confines the flux in a dual Abrikosov vortex whose core size is comparable to the flux penetration depth. The observed structure is described by a dual Ginzburg-Landau model.

Since the development of the entropy theory by Shannon in the late 1940s and of the principle of maximum entropy (POME) by Jaynes in the late 1950s there has been a proliferation of applications of entropy in a wide spectrum of areas, including hydrological and environmental sciences. The real impetus to entropy-based hydrological modelling was provided by Amorocho and Espildora in 1972. A great variety of entropy applications in hydrology and water resources have since been reported, and new applications continue to unfold. This paper reviews the recent contributions on entropy applications in hydrology and water resources, discusses the usefulness and versatility of the entropy concept, and re¯ects on the strengths and limitations of this concept.

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