The main objective of this structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study was to investigate, using diffusion tensor imaging, whether a neurofeedback training (NFT) protocol designed to improve sustained attention might induce structural changes in white matter (WM) pathways, purportedly implicated in this cognitive ability. Another goal was to examine whether gray matter (GM) volume (GMV) might be altered following NFT in frontal and parietal cortical areas connected by these WM fiber pathways. Healthy university students were randomly assigned to an experimental group (EXP), a sham group, or a control group. Participants in the EXP group were trained to enhance the amplitude of their β1 waves at F4 and P4. Measures of attentional performance and MRI data were acquired one week before (Time 1) and one week after (Time 2) NFT. Higher scores on visual and auditory sustained attention were noted in the EXP group at Time 2 (relative to Time 1). As for structural MRI data, increased fractional anisotropy was measured in WM pathways implicated in sustained attention, and GMV increases were detected in cerebral structures involved in this type of attention. After 50 years of research in the field of neurofeedback, our study constitutes the first empirical demonstration that NFT can lead to microstructural changes in white and gray matter.

RESUMEAujourd'hui le marché des télécommunications doit faire face à une forte concurrence. Ceci a pour incidence d'influer sur les délais des sorties commerciales, car il faut pouvoir rapidement se positionner et réagir face au marché.De ce fait, l'évaluation des produits ou services est cruciale pour apporter des réponses rapides aux décideurs sur les aspects de simplicité et d'utilisabilité. De bons scores permettent de minimiser les risques.Pour répondre à cette problématique, je décris dans cet article une méthodologie de test intégrant l'envoi de questionnaire en ligne à un grand nombre d'utilisateurs. Et proposant le questionnaire du System Usability Scale (SUS) qui attribue un score final d'utilisabilité directement compréhensible par les décideurs. L'objectif de cette communication est d'argumenter le choix du SUS et de donner un exemple de sa mise en oeuvre dans ce contexte. MOTS CLES :Ergonomie d'évaluation, questionnaire en ligne, System Usability Scale. ABSTRACTToday telecommunications' market has to face an great competition. This stresses the delays of commercial launches, as it is necessary to be quickly able to position on the market.Simplicity and utilisability evaluations of products or services is crucial to bring fast answers to decision-makers. Good assesment's scores will allow to minimize the risks.To answer this problem, I describe in this article a test methodology that integrates on-line questionnaire sending to users' large number, and proposes the System Usability Scale's questionnaire to produce a utilisability final score directly understandable by the decision-makers.The aim of this paper is to argue about the SUS choice, and give an example of implementation in this context.

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