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Infertility is defined as the inability of a sexually active, non-contracepting couple to achieve pregnancy in one year. In a developing country, like ours, where most societies are organized, the inability to bear children is a tragedy for the families and the conflux of personal, social and religious expectations brings a sense of failure, exclusion and loss who are infertile. So it becomes important to know about various risk factors associated with infertility, as awareness of male infertility is low in India.: To study sperm characteristics in tobacco users and non users undergoing infertility evaluation in a tertiary care hospital.: It was a cross sectional study, done for one and a half years from January 2016- December 2017 in a tertiary hospital.: After taking consent and detailed history, semen analysis according to WHO guidelines were done. Male patients who came for semen analysis for evaluation of their infertility were included. Amongst these semen parameters of tobacco users were compared with nonusers.: The data was analyzed using SPSS-22 We observed 102 cases for semen analysis, amongst them 46% samples were tobacco users and 54% samples were non-tobacco users. An increase in grade of tobacco usage was associated with a decrease in normal sperm parameters.: Fertility counsellors, clinicians need to be more focused to control male infertility by spreading the awareness of this addiction to enhance fertility potential. We advice men to stop tobacco usage to improve fertility and their quality of life.

Background: Clotting is a multistep process comprised of sequence of events of platelet plug formation , clotting process , clotting process termination and clot removal.Synthesis of clotting factors and clearance of their activation products took place in liver. The magnitude of clinical features and coagulation abnormalities will vary depending on liver dysfunction .Therefore wide spectrum of abnormalities were seen in patients of liver cirrhosis. Aims and Objectives:To study the various coagulation abnormalities in patients of liver cirrhosis.Methodology: This 1 year prospective study was conducted in a tertiary hospital for the evaluation of the frequency of coagulation abnormalities in patients with cirrhosis of liver. 82 patients presenting with cirrhosis of liver were selected and were evaluated for coagulation profile. The data was collected via questionnaire form and analyzed by SPSS (Statistical Packages for Social Sciences) version. Patients blood was tested for coagulation abnormalities including prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and platelet count. In this study design control group of normal people without cirrhosis was not considered. Results:In the present study, out of 82, fifty (60.9 %) were males and thirty two (39.1 ) % were females. According to Child's Pughs classification, 37(45.12 % ) cirrhotic patients were in class A, 13 (15.85% ) in class B and 32 (39.02 % ) in class C. The PT was prolonged (mean + SD = 20.67 ± 4.12 sec) in 44 (53.65 % ) patients, while38 (46.34 %) patients had normal PT which was less than 14 seconds (mean + SD = 12.13 ± 1.01sec). Activated partial thromboplastin time was prolonged in47 (57.31 % ) patients, while 35 (42.68 % ) patients had normal APTT which was less than 40 seconds (mean + SD = 33.05 ± 3.06 sec). PT and APTT were significantly raised in cirrhotic patients.Approximately 39% CLD cases had decreased platelet count. Relative risk of GI bleeding with abnormal clotting tests in CLD cases were weakly positive for PT (RR = 1.02; 95% CI, 0.49-2.10), negative for aPTT (RR=0.83; 95% CI, 0.47-1.45), strongly positive for decreased platelet counts (RR = 1.96; 95% CI, 1.08-3.56) . Conclusion:Coagulation abnormalities are commonly seen in cirrhotic liver disease.Decreased platelet count and increased PT and APTT are commonly seen in chronic liver disease. These parameters can be used as prognostic markers.

BACKGROUNDIn clinical practice tumours of the bladder are one of the most common urological lesions observed and it is the 7 th most common cancer worldwide. Urinary bladder malignancies accounts for 3.2% of all cancers worldwide and males are commonly affected than females. Non-neoplastic lesions like chronic non-specific cystitis is most commonly seen and is important source of clinical signs and symptoms. Aim of the present study was to analyse the histopathological findings of different lesions in cystoscopic biopsies and to study the frequency of different pathological lesions with respect to age, sex, clinical symptoms, etc.