Peptic ulcers have unquestionably been a disease of the twentieth century. Epidemiological data for this disease and its complications have shown striking variation in incidence and prevalence. Various drugs have been used to treat peptic ulcer disease like proton-pump inhibitors, histamine (H2) receptor antagonists, prostaglandin analogues and sucralfate. Because these drugs are complex, expensive and toxic, efforts have been constantly made to find a suitable, palliative and curative agent for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease from natural products of plant and animal origin. Recently, antioxidants are being used to treat peptic ulcer disease. Antioxidants help in scavenging the free radicals and controlling the oxidative stress responsible for the progression of peptic ulcer.

Introduction: An imbalance between the oxidative system and the antioxidant defense system leads to stress. So the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of vitamin C and atorvastatin on fertility in male rats subjected to experimental stress using the forced swimming stress model. Materials and methods: Thirty adult male albino rats weighing 200-250 g and aged 10-12 weeks were used. Institutional Animal Ethics Committee approval was obtained. Rats were exposed to forced swimming stress daily and drugs were orally administered 30 minutes prior to the stress for a total of 15 days once daily. Group I: the nonstress group with distilled water (negative control); group II: positive control (only stress) plus distilled water; group III: stress + vitamin C (20 mg/kg/day); group IV: stress + atorvastatin (2 mg/kg/day); group V: stress + vitamin C (20 mg/kg/day) + atorvastatin (2 mg/kg/day). On the 16th day, the effect of drugs in stressed rats on body weight, testicular and epididymis weight, testicular index, sperm count, and motility was assessed. Results: In stressed rats, sperm count, motility, testicular weight, epididymis weight, and testicular index were significantly reduced when compared with the control group. Groups III, IV, and V showed a significant increase (p < 0.001) in all five parameters when compared with the stress group. Conclusion:The results suggest that vitamin C and atorvastatin significantly protected the harmful effect of stress on sperms. Clinical significance: The pleiotropic antioxidant effect of statins is proven by this study and clinical trials can be done to evaluate the role of atorvastatin in treating male infertility.

The objective of the study was to establish the characteristics of pedometer activity in crossbred cows (20) and to determine the relationships between the pedometer activity and the serum concentrations of periestrual hormones. Animals in oestrus were detected by trained personnel based on oestrus behaviour by visual observation twice daily. Further oestrus was detected by pedometer activity and it was confirmed by serum progesterone and estradiol concentration. Individual animal daily activity data were collected and transformed into hourly activity in Excel sheet and arranged for statistical analysis. The relationship of pedometer activity with E2, E2: P4 and progesterone level on the day of oestrus was determined. Pearson correlation analysis was performed using the statistical package SPSS (SPSS Inc. USA). Activity count per hour (ACPH) increased from 248.51±22.46, 312.51±37.16, 323.52±49.24 and 423.42±47.77 from -3 day, -2 day and -1 day of proestrus, respectively to estrus day. After estrus, the activity decreased from 313.76±46.62 and 271.36±36.06 on the 1st day and 2nd day of metestrus, respectively. A similar trend was observed for serum E2 and E2: P4 which increased from 3 days before estrus to reach a peak level on the day of estrus (31.40±2.34 pg/ml) and declined after that to the basal level (2 pg/ml) after estrus. Contrary to this, P4 concentration showed a decreasing trend from –3 day proestrus to estrus (0.46±0.05) and then a gradual increase after estrus day. ACPH showed positive correlation with estradiol concentrations (r = 0.34; P = 0.0779) and E2:P4 ratio (r=0.50; P=2.077) but, negative correlation with progesterone concentration on day of oestrus (r=–0.73; P=2.74). In conclusion, our results suggested that the concentration of E2, E2:P4 ratio and P4 concentration during proestrus and on the day of estrus are the important factors contributing the behavioral manifestation of estrus in terms of ACPH in crossbred cows.

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Migraine characterized by recurrent headache episodes presents with aura or without. Various treatment modalities ranging from 5-HT1B/1D agonists, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), to steroids are available for acute treatment of migraine. Prophylaxis for chronic cases usually encompasses β blockers, calcium channel blockers, and antiepileptics. Many nutraceutical preparations are helpful in migraine, including riboflavin and vitamin B 12. This review focuses on the newer agents available for treatment of migraine with some insights into their clinical trials.