HIGHLIGHTS-Current practice for managing nitrogen (N) use for cereal production are not environmentally sustainable. Over-use of N fertilizers is a global problem for millions of farmers who must decide on N applications-whether, when and how much.-A combination of improved advice on N management for specific cropping regimes is required, together with a breeding target of new commercial crop varieties with sustainable yields and a low N requirement.-While N use efficiency (NUE) has been a useful concept for quantifying the genetic differences in N uptake and utilization, the concept of an economic N optimum derived from N yield dose-response curves may provide new insights for lowering the N requirement Highlights

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