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Preface NF-κB transcription factors play a key role in many physiological processes, such as innate and adaptive immune responses, cell proliferation, cell death, and inflammation. It has become clear that aberrant regulation of NF-κB and the signaling pathways that control its activity are involved in cancer development and progression, as well as in resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. This review discusses recent cancer-genetics and cancer-genome evidence for the involvement of NF-κB in human cancer, and discusses the therapeutic potential and benefit of targeting NF-κB in cancer and the possible complications and pitfalls of such an approach.