The maceral and biomarker characteristics of 4 sublithotypes of xylite-rich coal (SXCs), pale yellow, dark yellow, brown and black, originating from the Kolubara and Kostolac lignite basins were determined. Based on these results, differences in sources and changes of organic matter (OM) resulting in formation of 4 SXCs were established. Conifers (particularly Cupressaceae, Taxodiaceae and Pinacea) had a significant impact on the precursor OM of all SXCs. The contribution of gymnosperm vs. angiosperm vegetation decreased in order pale yellow SXC > dark yellow SXC > brown SXC > black SXC. The distribution of non-hopanoid triterpenoids indicates that change of SXC colour from yellow to black is associated with reduced input of angiosperm plants from the Betulacea family. Differences in hopane distribution, bitumen content, proportion of short-chain n-alkanes and degree of aromatization of di-and triterpenoids of pale yellow SXC are controlled by microbial communities which took part in the diagenetic alteration of OM. The content of total huminites increased from black to pale yellow SXC, whereas contents of total liptinite and inertinite macerals showed the opposite trend. SXCs differ according to textinite/ulminite ratio, which sharply decreased from pale yellow to black SXC, reflecting increase in gelification of woody tissue. Regarding the composition of liptinite macerals, the SXCs mostly differ according to resinite/liptodetrinite and resinite/suberinite ratios, which are higher in yellow than in brown and black SXC. This result along with values of TOC/N ratio and Carbon Preference Index indicate that the contribution of well preserved woody material, including lignin tissue vs. the impact of epicuticular waxes decreased from yellow to black SXC.

Summary Fear of needles can significantly limit professional and social functioning of a person, and is highly prevalent in general population (4%). The aim of our study was to reveal risk factors that are associated with fear of needles among healthy university students of medicine and pharmacy. The study was of a cross-sectional type. In total, 301 students of medicine or pharmacy (82% female and 18% male) attending from 1st to 5th year of study were surveyed at the Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia. The students were surveyed using a questionnaires (scales) for assessing the fear of needless, a visual analog scale for self-assessment intensity of the fear of needless, and a general questionnaire with questions about socio-demographic characteristics of the participants. Using a score on the scales as out-come variables, multiple regressions were employed to reveal factors that may influence the fear of needles. Average values of Blood/Injection Fear Scale, Injection Phobia Scale-Anxiety and Medical Avoidance Survey scores were 7.89 ± 9.48, 4.46 ± 5.18 and 89.95 ± 12.73, respectively. The following factors affected significantly the score of the scales: course of study, chronic disease in the family, fear of a dentist, smell of the room phobia, sound phobia, score on the Beck’s anxiety scale and fear of a situation when medical staff give an injection. The presence of chronic disease in the family was a protective factor, while the other six factors were contributing to the fear of needles. Fear of needles is more prevalent among the students of pharmacy than among the students of medicine. It is less frequent among students with chronic disease in their family, while fear of dentist, smell of the room phobia, sound phobia, general anxiety and fear from the situation when medical staff give an injection are all factors that predispose students of medicine or pharmacy to develop fear of needles.

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IzvodMetode analize u forenzici moraju biti pouzdane, kako bi rezultati analiza bili prihvaćeni kao dokaz u sudskim postupcima. Pouzdanost metoda provjerava se postupkom validacije, koji treba provesti prije uvođenja metode u rutinsku praksu laboratorije. Ovaj rad opisuje proceduru za identifikaciju biljke konoplje lat. Cannabis sativa L. i njenih preparata (smola -"hašiš", ulje), primjenom tehnike gasne hromatografije sa plameno-jonizacionim detektorom, kao i postupak validacije metode kojom se identifikuju tri osnovna kanabinoida: psihoaktivni tetrahidrokanabinol, kanabidiol i kanabinol. Postupak validacije metode obuhvata potrebnu opremu, opis zahtjevanih performansi analitičke metode, izvođenje ispitivanja, način i kriterijume vrednovanja rezultata validacije. UVODBiljka Cananbis sativa L. i proizvodi pripremljeni od ove biljke (kanabis smola -"hašiš" i kanabis ulje) najraširenija su ilegalna droga i poznati su pod nazivom kanabis preparati.[1] Karakteristični sastojci kanabis biljke su kanabinoidi, terpenofenolna jedinjenja tipa C21.[2-4] Do sada je iz kanabis biljke izolovano i identifikovano 104 kanabinoida.[5] Psihoaktivni sastojak kanabis biljke i njenih preparata je Δ 9 -tetrahidrokanabinol (u literaturi često naveden samo kao tetrahidrokanabinol -THC).Kanabis biljka uobičajeno sadrži do oko 5% THC-a, dok modifikovane biljke mogu da sadrže i preko 25% tog psihoaktivnog sastojka. Kanabis smola (hašiš) uobičajeno sadrži 20 -40% THC-a, kanabis ulje oko 60%, a visokopotentni ekstrakti i ulja mogu da sadrže 80-90% THC-a.[6-8] Istraživanja u nekim zemljama pokazuju da je sadržaj THC u kanabis biljkama u porastu.[9-11] Ovaj fenomen zapažen je i u Republici Srpskoj. [12] Zadatak forenzičke analize je da utvrdi eventualno prisustvo psihoaktivnih sastojaka u ispitivanim uzorcima. Kada su u pitanju kanabis preparati, ciljni analit je psihoaktivni sastojak tetrahidrokanabinol (THC), a kao prateći analiti identifikuju se kanabidiol (CBD) i kanabinol (CBN), ukoliko su prisutni u uzorku.Pored ostalih analitičkih tehnika i metoda za identifikaciju osnovnih kanabinoida, gasna hromatografija je tehnika izbora za analizu kanabis preparata, bilo da su u pitanju uzorci ili tragovi na priboru.Ovaj rad opisuje postupak validacije metode za identifikaciju tri osnovna kanabinoida u kanabis biljci i njenim preparatima (smola -"hašiš", ulje, ekstrakti, tinkture i sl.), primjenom analitičke tehnike gasne hromatografije sa plameno-jonizacionim detektorom. MATERIJAL I METODE Metoda gasne hromatografije sa plamenojonizacionim detektorom (GC/FID)Forenzičko ispitivanje počinje pravilnim odabirom alikvota uzorka, na osnovu izvršenih preliminarnih testova primjenom tzv. skrinig tehnika ili prema procjeni analitičara. Ekstrakcija ciljnih analita iz uzorka vrši se odgovarajućom količinom rastvarača (hloroform, toluen ili etanol), srazmjernom odvaganoj masi uzorka. Npr., uobičajene mase uzoraka za analizu su 250 mg biljnog materijala, 50 mg smole ili 25 mg ulja, za čiju ekstrakciju se obično koristi 5 ml rastvarača. Količine uzorka i rastv...

Bankarski rizik 50 Rezime Savremene bankarske industrije posluju u složenom makroekonomskom okruženju koje ciklično ulazi i u fazu globalnih ekonomskih kriza. Jedna od posledica ove ciklične faze je i ozbiljno ugrožavanje finansijske pozicije banaka. U slučaju velikih, sistemski značajnih banaka, koje su najčešće međunarodno aktivne preko supsidijara u različitim zemljama, rizik insolventnosti ukazao je da može rezultirati mnogo širim posledicama na ceo privredni i finansijski sistem zemlje. U želji da preventivno deluju u smislu sprečavanja rizika propasti velikih, sistemski, ali i šire, značajnih banaka, Evropski parlament i Savet su usvojili okvir za oporavak i sanaciju kreditnih institucija (Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive-BRRD) kojim je uveden i bail-in mehanizam sa ciljem da se teret oporavka banke prenese na privatni sektor.