We present the first full-field optical coherence tomography (FFOCT) device capable of imaging of the human cornea. We obtained images of the epithelial structures, Bowman's layer, sub-basal nerve plexus (SNP), anterior and posterior stromal keratocytes, stromal nerves, Descemet's membrane and endothelial cells with visible nuclei. Images were acquired with a high lateral resolution of 1.7 µm and relatively large field-of-view of 1.26 mm x 1.26 mm - a combination, which, to the best of our knowledge, has not been possible with other human eye imaging methods. The latter together with a contactless operation, make FFOCT a promising candidate for becoming a new tool in ophthalmic diagnostics.

et al.. Probing dynamic processes in the eye at multiple spatial and temporal scales with multimodal full field OCT. Abstract:We describe recent technological progress in multimodal en face full-field optical coherence tomography that has allowed detection of slow and fast dynamic processes in the eye. We show that by combining static, dynamic and fluorescence contrasts we can achieve label-free high-resolution imaging of the retina and anterior eye with temporal resolution from milliseconds to several hours, allowing us to probe biological activity at subcellular scales inside 3D bulk tissue. Our setups combine high lateral resolution over a large field of view with acquisition at several hundreds of frames per second which make it a promising tool for clinical applications and biomedical studies. Its contactless and non-destructive nature is shown to be effective for both following in vitro sample evolution over long periods of time and for imaging of the human eye in vivo.

As the lateral resolution of full-field optical coherence tomography (FFOCT) with spatially incoherent illumination has been shown to be insensitive to aberrations, we demonstrate high-resolution en face FFOCT retinal imaging without wavefront correction in the human eye in vivo for the first time, to our knowledge. A combination of FFOCT with spectraldomain OCT (SDOCT) is applied for real-time matching of the optical path lengths (OPLs) of FFOCT. Through the realtime cross-sectional SDOCT images, the OPL of the FFOCT reference arm is matched with different retinal layers in the FFOCT sample arm. Thus, diffraction-limited FFOCT images of multiple retinal layers are acquired at both the near periphery and the fovea. The en face FFOCT retinal images reveal information about various structures, such as the nerve fiber orientation, the blood vessel distribution, and the photoreceptor mosaic. During its 25 years of development, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become a powerful imaging modality in biomedical and clinical studies [1,2]. It has achieved great success in ophthalmology [3], especially in retinal imaging for which it has been entitled the "virtual biopsy" for human retina [4]. Compared with typical retinal imaging modalities like fundus cameras [5] or scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) [6], in which axial resolution is limited by the finite size of the eye's pupil, OCT offers much higher axial sectioning, as the lateral and axial resolutions are decoupled. The high-resolution cross-sectional depth exploration of the retinal layers offers important information about pathologies for early diagnosis of disease and for tracing disease evolution [7][8][9]. While doctors are capable of interpreting crosssectional OCT slices, there is nevertheless a need for en face views, as shown by the continued use of en face techniques such as fundus cameras or SLO. Thanks to the speed improvement, OCT systems can provide en face retinal images by doing real-time 3Dimaging [10][11][12]. Nevertheless, due to the requirement of large depth of focus, low NA is typically used in traditional OCT, resulting in relatively low spatial resolution compared with high-NA systems. To ensure high transverse resolution, en face flying spot OCT has been applied for human retinal imaging, which achieves retinal en face images with transverse scanning [13,14]. To be able to realize close to diffraction-limited lateral resolution in OCT retinal imaging, complex hardware adaptive optics (AO) [15][16][17][18][19] or computational AO [20][21][22] would also be needed to correct the aberrations induced by the imperfections of the cornea and lens in the anterior chamber.Full-field OCT (FFOCT) is a kind of time-domain en face parallel OCT that takes images perpendicular to the optical axis without scanning. By using high-NA microscope objectives in a Linnik interferometer, FFOCT is able to achieve standard microscope spatial resolution [23]. With spatially incoherent illumination, cross talk is severely inhibited in FFOCT compared with wide-...

In today's clinics, a cellular-resolution view of the cornea can be achieved only with an in vivo confocal microscope (IVCM) in contact with the eye. Here, we present a common-path Full-field/Spectral-domain OCT microscope (FF/SD OCT), which, for the first time, enables cell-detail imaging of the entire ocular surface (central and peripheral cornea, limbus, sclera, tear film) without contact and in real time. The device, that has been successfully tested in human subjects, is now ready for direct implementation in clinical research. Real-time performance is achieved through rapid axial eye tracking and simultaneous defocusing correction. Images, extracted from realtime videos, contain cells and nerves, which can be quantified over a millimetric field-of-view, beyond the capability of IVCM and conventional OCT. In the limbus, Palisades of Vogt, vessels and blood flow can be resolved with high contrast without contrast agent injection. The fast imaging speed of 275 frames/s (0.6 billion pixels/s) allowed direct monitoring of blood flow dynamics, enabling creation of high-resolution velocity maps for the first time. Tear flow velocity and evaporation time could be measured without fluorescein administration. 1440 pixels, is captured by a 2D CMOS camera in 3.5 ms at 275 FFOCT frames/s (or 0.6 billion pixels/s), which is 130 times faster (in terms of pixel rate) than the state-of-the-art corneal confocal scanning systems, imaging at 30