This Paper extends the previous work (Mróz, Norris and Zienkiewicz, 1978a) where an anisotropic hardening model for soils was proposed, taking into account both isotropic hardening due to porosity changes and anisotropy effects induced by the initial consolidation process. The analysis is restricted to the case of triaxial state for which two principal stresses are equal. The incremental relations are derived and applied to study the drained and undrained material behaviour after isotropic and anisotropic K0 consolidation of clays. The material response under cyclic loading is also discussed. The predicted inelastic behaviour is compared with available experimental results for kaolin and Weald clays for which the material parameters are also identified. Further improvements of the model are indicated, Cette étude prolonge le travail antérieur (Mróz, 1978a) réalisé par Norris et Zienkiewicz dans lequel un modèle anisotrope de durcissement pour sols était proposé, tenant compte du durcissement isotrope par suite de changements de porosité ainsi que les effets induits par le procédé de consolidation instantanée. L'analyse est limitée au cas de l'étreinte triaxiale dans laquelle deux contraintes principales sont égales. Les relations incrémentales sont dérivées et appliquées à l'étude du comportement de la matière drainée et non drainée après la consolidation K0 isotrope et anisotrope des argiles. Le comportement de la matière sous chargement cyclique est aussi examiné. Le comportement non élastique prédit, est comparé aux résultats expérimentaux obtenus sur le kaolin et les argiles de Weald pour lesquels les paramètres de matière sont aussi identifiés. D'autres améliorations du modèle sont indiquées.
This Paper applies and extends an anisotropic hardening model to the study of inelastic, undrained clay response under cyclic loading conditions. Besides kinematic and isotropic hardening rules, a cyclic degradation parameter is introduced which grows with accumulated deviatoric deformation and induces additional growth of pore pressure and softening of the material. As a result, strain amplitudes and accumulated strains increase in the course of cyclic loading. A modified two-surface model and a model with an infinite number of hardening surfaces are discussed and applied in the study of undrained, cyclic response of normally consolidated and overconsolidated clays in triaxial tests. The number of cycles to failure, pore pressure variation, growth of accumulated strain and the static strength after cyclic loading are predicted by these models and compared with experimental data. Cette communication a trait au développement d'un modèle d'écrouissage durcissant anisotrope et son application à l'étude du comportement de l'argile nonélastique sans drainage sous l'effet de charges cycliques. Outre les règles d'écrouissage durcissant cinématique et isotrope, il est introduit un paramètre de dégradation cyclique qui croit à la mesure de la déformation cumulée déviatoire et engendre un complément de pression interstitielle ainsi que le ramollissement du matériau. En conséquence, les amplitudes des contraintes et les contraintes cumulées croissent au tours de la charge cyclique. Un modèle modifié à deux surfaces et un modèle comportant un nombre infini de surfaces limite d'écrouissage durcissant sont analysés et appliqués à l'étude du comportement cyclique sans drainage des argiles normalement consolidées et sur consolidées dans des essais triaxiaux. Ces modèles permettent d'établir des prédictions sur le nombre de cycles à rupture, les variations de pression interstitielle, l'accroissement des contraintes cumulées et de la résistance statique après chargement statique; et ils permettent d'établir la comparaison avec des données expérimentales.
Exposing seedlings of the flax, Linum usitatissimum L., to a variety of weak environmental stresses plus a 2-day calcium deprivation triggers the common response of production of epidermal meristems in the hypocotyl. Here, we show that the same response was induced by a 1 min cold shock. Epidermal meristem production was also induced by a single 2-h exposure to radiation emitted at 0.9 GHz at non-thermal levels by a GSM telephone. This flax-based system is therefore well suited to studying the effects of low intensity stimuli, including those of electromagnetic radiation. To begin to determine the underlying mechanisms, in which calcium is implicated, it is desirable to analyse the changes in ions in the tissues affected. We therefore performed a Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) study of the 611 distribution of the main inorganic cations in the hypocotyl of control and calcium-deprived seedlings. This showed decreases in calcium, sodium and potassium and an increase in magnesium that did not alter substantially the overall ratio of divalent to monovalent cations.
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