A novel and general technique for the optimization of contiguous band multiplexers using sensitivity analysis is presented. The method utilizes exact partial derivatives of circuit responses with respect to all design parameters. The equivalent circuit includes channel jlters, waveguide spacings, and three-port waveguide junctions. A ILchannel contiguous multiplexer at Ku band hus been designed. Utilizatwn of an eficient modelization and automatic decomposition approaches resulted in anexcellent simulation performance of the presented multiplexer. 0 I995 John Wilq & Sons, Inc.

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In this article, the general public daily exposure to broadcast signals and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) or Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) mobile telephone signals in indoor areas is investigated. Temporal variations and traffic distributions during a day at different indoor sites in urban and rural zones are presented. The goal is to analyze the real exposure compared to the maximum assessment imposed by radio protection standards and to characterize the ratio between daily and maximum theoretical values. Hence, a realistic maximum is proposed based on the statistical analysis performed using measurements. Broadcast signals remain constant over the day so they are best fitted with a Normal distribution while the mobile telephone signals depend on the traffic demand during the day so they fit a three-Gaussian distribution model. A general mask is also constructed for underlining the maximum equivalent active traffic for different periods in the day. Also, relations between the mean values over 24 h, the realistic maximal values (at 99%) and the maximal theoretical values are presented. The realistic maximum is also presented with a sliding time average of 6 min applied to the measurements in accordance with international standards. An extrapolation factor is given for the different systems to easily assess the maximum values starting from an instantaneous measurement. The extrapolation factor is also given for a broadband measurement to estimate the maximum potential exposure during the day.

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